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Seizures l: Introduction

Seizures l: Introduction

Understanding seizures and epilepsy relies on key definitions that help in recognizing, classifying, and managing these disorders. These definitions provide a framework for recognizing, classifying, and managing seizure disorders.DefinitionsA seizure is a sudden, abnormal burst of electrical activity in the brain that can cause changes in awareness, movement, sensation, or behavior, depending on the area involved. Epilepsy is a chronic condition characterized by recurrent, unprovoked seizures,...

Seizures: Classification

Seizures: Classification

Epilepsy is primarily characterized by unpredictable seizures, either provoked by an identifiable factor, such as injury or illness, or unprovoked, occurring spontaneously without apparent cause.
Seizures are typically classified into two main categories: focal and generalized seizures.
Focal Seizures
Focal seizures originate from specific regions of the brain. These seizures are further sub-classified into two types:

Seizures ll: Types

Seizures ll: Types

Seizures are sudden bursts of abnormal electrical discharge in the brain that interfere with normal function. They are commonly divided into three groups: focal seizures, generalized seizures, and other types that do not fit neatly into either category.Focal SeizuresFocal seizures begin in a single brain region. When awareness is preserved, they are called focal aware seizures and may cause sensations such as tingling, unusual smells, or flashing lights. When awareness is impaired, they are...

Epilepsy and Seizures: Overview

Epilepsy and Seizures: Overview

Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disease marked by recurrent, unpredictable seizures. These seizures are caused by abnormal electrical discharges in the brain, leading to behavior, sensation, or consciousness alterations. They can also cause transient impairment of awareness, interfering with daily activities.
Various factors can trigger epilepsy, including genetic factors, brain damage, metabolic causes, and unknown etiology. Diagnosis of epilepsy involves electroencephalography (EEG), which...

Epilepsy ll: Types

Epilepsy ll: Types

Recurrent seizures, stemming from abnormal electrical activity in the brain, are the defining characteristic of epilepsy, a chronic neurological condition. Because seizure features vary greatly, epilepsy is classified using two systems: by seizure type and by epilepsy syndromes. These classifications enable clinicians to describe seizure patterns and select suitable treatment strategies.I. Classification by Seizure Type1. Focal EpilepsyFocal epilepsy begins in one hemisphere of the brain.

Hepatic Encephalopathy

Hepatic Encephalopathy

DefinitionHepatic encephalopathy is a reversible neurologic syndrome that results from advanced liver dysfunction or portosystemic shunting. It leads to disturbances in cognition, behavior, and motor function due to the brain’s exposure to gut-derived toxins that the liver fails to detoxify.EtiologyThis condition develops either in the setting of acute fulminant hepatitis or progressively during chronic liver disease, such as cirrhosis and portal hypertension. Portosystemic shunting—including...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 23, 2026

Methods for ECG Evaluation of Indicators of Cardiac Risk, and Susceptibility to Aconitine-induced Arrhythmias in Rats Following Status Epilepticus

Methods for ECG Evaluation of Indicators of Cardiac Risk, and Susceptibility to Aconitine-induced Arrhythmias in Rats Following Status Epilepticus

Published on: April 5, 2011

[Delirium caused by nonconvulsive status epilepticus].

Patrick Pittermann¹, Susanne Gabriel, Joachim Röschke

¹SCIVIAS St. Valentinus-Krankenhaus, Klinik für Psychiatrie, Psychotherapie und Psychosomatik Bad Soden. Sebastian-Kneipp-Straße 11, Bad Soden am Taunus. pittermann@scivias-caritas.de

Psychiatrische Praxis

|April 5, 2012

Summary

A 66-year-old patient experienced a confusional state, initially misdiagnosed as a manic episode. Diagnosis evolved to nonconvulsive status epilepticus and later Valproate-encephalopathy, highlighting complex neurological presentations.

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Last Updated: May 23, 2026

Methods for ECG Evaluation of Indicators of Cardiac Risk, and Susceptibility to Aconitine-induced Arrhythmias in Rats Following Status Epilepticus

Methods for ECG Evaluation of Indicators of Cardiac Risk, and Susceptibility to Aconitine-induced Arrhythmias in Rats Following Status Epilepticus

Published on: April 5, 2011

Microdialysis of Excitatory Amino Acids During EEG Recordings in Freely Moving Rats

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Published on: November 8, 2018

Area of Science:

Neurology
Psychiatry

Background:

A 66-year-old patient presented with an acute confusional state, initially suspected as a manic episode.
Previous treatment with haloperidol exacerbated the patient's confusional state.

Observation:

Clinical examination revealed right-sided facial and hemiparesis with hyperreflexia.
The patient exhibited disorientation, cognitive and mnestic deficits, slowed incoherent reasoning, and mild euphoria.

Findings:

EEG indicated a continuous regional EEG-seizure pattern, leading to a diagnosis of nonconvulsive status epilepticus.
Subsequent EEG revealed Valproate-encephalopathy during anticonvulsive treatment.
Topiramate treatment led to symptom amelioration, though fluctuating cognitive disturbances persisted due to vascular dementia.

Implications:

This case underscores the importance of considering nonconvulsive status epilepticus in acute confusional states.
It highlights the potential for drug-induced encephalopathies, such as Valproate-encephalopathy.
Accurate diagnosis and tailored treatment are crucial for managing complex neurological and psychiatric presentations.