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Related Concept Videos

Translational Regulation01:29

Translational Regulation

Translational regulation in prokaryotes ensures efficient protein synthesis by controlling ribosome access to mRNA. This regulation is mediated by secondary RNA structures, including translational riboswitches, RNA thermometers, and small RNAs (sRNAs), which respond to intracellular and environmental signals to modulate gene expression.Translational RiboswitchesRiboswitches in the leader region of mRNAs can regulate translation by altering the accessibility of the Shine-Dalgarno (SD) sequence,...
Leaky Scanning02:28

Leaky Scanning

During most eukaryotic translation processes, the small 40S ribosome subunit scans an mRNA from its 5' end until it encounters the first start AUG codon. The large 60S ribosomal subunit then joins the smaller one to initiate protein synthesis. The location of the translation initiation is largely determined by the nucleotides near the start codon as there may be multiple translation initiation sites present on the mRNA.  Marilyn Kozak discovered that the sequence RCCAUGG (where R stands for...
Improving Translational Accuracy02:07

Improving Translational Accuracy

Base complementarity between the three base pairs of mRNA codon and the tRNA anticodon is not a failsafe mechanism. Inaccuracies can range from a single mismatch to no correct base pairing at all. The free energy difference between the correct and nearly correct base pairs can be as small as 3 kcal/ mol. With complementarity being the only proofreading step, the estimated error frequency would be one wrong amino acid in every 100 amino acids incorporated. However, error frequencies observed in...
Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps02:24

Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps

Gene expression can be regulated at almost every step from gene to protein. Transcription is the step that is most commonly regulated. This involves the binding of proteins to short regulatory sequences on the DNA. This association can either promote or inhibit the transcription of a gene associated with the respective sequence.
Transcription results in the generation of precursor (pre-mRNA) that consists of both exons and introns, which needs further processing before being translated to a...
Translation01:31

Translation

Lesson: Translation
Translation is the process of synthesizing proteins from the genetic information carried by messenger RNA (mRNA). Following transcription, it constitutes the final step in the expression of genes. This process is carried out by ribosomes, complexes of protein and specialized RNA molecules. Ribosomes, transfer RNA (tRNA), and other proteins produce a chain of amino acids—the polypeptide—as the end product of translation.
Translation Produces the Building Blocks of Life
Translation01:31

Translation

Lesson: Translation
Translation is the process of synthesizing proteins from the genetic information carried by messenger RNA (mRNA). Following transcription, it constitutes the final step in the expression of genes. This process is carried out by ribosomes, complexes of protein and specialized RNA molecules. Ribosomes, transfer RNA (tRNA), and other proteins produce a chain of amino acids—the polypeptide—as the end product of translation.
Translation Produces the Building Blocks of Life

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 23, 2026

Cell Based Assays of SINEUP Non-coding RNAs That Can Specifically Enhance mRNA Translation
10:21

Cell Based Assays of SINEUP Non-coding RNAs That Can Specifically Enhance mRNA Translation

Published on: February 1, 2019

Emerging therapeutics targeting mRNA translation.

Abba Malina1, John R Mills, Jerry Pelletier

  • 1Department of Biochemistry and McGill University, Montréal, Québec H3G 1Y6, Canada.

Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology
|April 5, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Cancer cells hijack protein synthesis via translation initiation complex eIF4F. Small molecules targeting eIF4F assembly and activity offer a promising therapeutic strategy for cancer treatment.

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Assessment of Selective mRNA Translation in Mammalian Cells by Polysome Profiling

Published on: October 28, 2014

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 23, 2026

Cell Based Assays of SINEUP Non-coding RNAs That Can Specifically Enhance mRNA Translation
10:21

Cell Based Assays of SINEUP Non-coding RNAs That Can Specifically Enhance mRNA Translation

Published on: February 1, 2019

High-throughput Screening for Chemical Modulators of Post-transcriptionally Regulated Genes
09:44

High-throughput Screening for Chemical Modulators of Post-transcriptionally Regulated Genes

Published on: March 3, 2015

Assessment of Selective mRNA Translation in Mammalian Cells by Polysome Profiling
10:00

Assessment of Selective mRNA Translation in Mammalian Cells by Polysome Profiling

Published on: October 28, 2014

Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Cancer is characterized by dysregulated translational control.
  • Protein synthesis initiation, particularly the recruitment of 40S ribosomes to mRNA 5'-cap, is a critical regulatory step.
  • The eukaryotic initiation factor 4F (eIF4F) complex governs this rate-limiting step.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore small-molecule inhibitors targeting the eIF4F complex.
  • To discuss the development and mode of action of these inhibitors.
  • To evaluate their biological activity in cancer therapy.

Main Methods:

  • Development of small-molecule inhibitors.
  • Investigation of PI3K/mTOR signaling pathways.
  • Assessment of direct eIF4F inhibition.
  • Evaluation of biological activity and therapeutic potential.

Main Results:

  • Small molecules effectively interrupt PI3K/mTOR signaling, impacting eIF4F assembly.
  • Compounds directly inhibiting eIF4F activity were developed.
  • These inhibitors demonstrate potential for therapeutic intervention in cancer.

Conclusions:

  • Targeting translation initiation, specifically the eIF4F complex, presents a viable therapeutic vulnerability in cancer.
  • Small-molecule inhibitors offer a promising approach to exploit this vulnerability.
  • Further development of these inhibitors holds potential for novel cancer treatments.