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Related Concept Videos

Pulmonary Embolism I: Introduction01:29

Pulmonary Embolism I: Introduction

Pulmonary embolism (PE) occurs when a thrombus, fat or air embolus, amniotic fluid, or tumor tissue blocks one or more pulmonary arteries. These blockages originate in the venous system or the right side of the heart.EtiologyPE primarily arises from deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and other hypercoagulable states, such as inherited thrombophilias. Additional etiological factors include venous stasis, commonly seen in obesity, and endothelial injury from surgery and trauma. Less common causes include...
Pulmonary Embolism I: Introduction01:19

Pulmonary Embolism I: Introduction

A blood clot, or thrombus, is a semi-solid mass composed of fibrin, platelets, and red blood cells. When it forms within a vessel, it can obstruct blood flow, known as thrombosis. If part of the clot detaches, it becomes an embolus that can travel and block distant vessels. When this occurs in the pulmonary arteries, it causes a condition known as pulmonary embolism (PE).Origin and ImpactMost often, the embolus originates from a thrombus in the deep veins of the lower limbs, a condition called...
Pulmonary Embolism II: Diagnostic Studies and Interprofessional Care01:29

Pulmonary Embolism II: Diagnostic Studies and Interprofessional Care

Diagnosing Pulmonary EmbolismDiagnosing pulmonary embolism (PE) involves clinical assessment and advanced imaging tests. The preferred diagnostic tool is the spiral (helical) CT scan or CT angiography (CTA), which uses intravenous contrast media to visualize the pulmonary vasculature and identify emboli.A ventilation-perfusion (V/Q) scan is an alternative for patients unable to receive contrast media. This scan includes both perfusion and ventilation scanning. Perfusion scanning involves...
Pulmonary Embolism III: Nursing Management01:27

Pulmonary Embolism III: Nursing Management

A pulmonary embolism occurs when a thrombus, amniotic fluid, tumor tissue, fat, or air embolus blocks one or more pulmonary arteries. Effective nursing management and patient education are crucial for improving outcomes and preventing recurrence.Nursing management starts with obtaining a comprehensive patient history, particularly noting any history of deep vein thrombosis (DVT). Assess for clinical manifestations, including dyspnea, chest pain, crackles, heart murmurs, and signs of right-sided...
Pulmonary Cycle: Exhalation01:17

Pulmonary Cycle: Exhalation

In terms of human respiration, the act of expelling air, known as exhalation (or expiration), operates on the principle of pressure gradients. During expiration, the pressure within the lungs exceeds that of the surrounding atmosphere. Under normal conditions, quiet breathing involves passive exhalation and is free of muscular contractions. This is because the exhalation process is driven by the natural elastic recoil of the lungs and chest wall, both of which have an inherent tendency to...
Pneumothorax-I01:26

Pneumothorax-I

A pneumothorax is a condition where air builds up in the space between the lung and the chest wall, causing the lung to collapse. This condition arises when air enters the space between the parietal and visceral pleura, disrupting the negative pressure essential for lung inflation. This can lead to a partial or complete collapse of the lung.
Pneumothorax can be even further classified as spontaneous, traumatic, and tension pneumothorax.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 23, 2026

A Porcine Model of Acute Autologous Pulmonary Embolism
07:44

A Porcine Model of Acute Autologous Pulmonary Embolism

Published on: September 6, 2024

Pulmonary embolism in children.

F Nicole Dijk1, Julie Curtin, David Lord

  • 1Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Locked Bag 4001, Westmead, NSW, Australia.

Paediatric Respiratory Reviews
|April 6, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Pulmonary embolism (PE) is rare in children, mainly affecting neonates and adolescents. Key risk factors include central venous lines, infection, and congenital heart disease, necessitating specific diagnostic and treatment approaches.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 23, 2026

A Porcine Model of Acute Autologous Pulmonary Embolism
07:44

A Porcine Model of Acute Autologous Pulmonary Embolism

Published on: September 6, 2024

Area of Science:

  • Pediatric Medicine
  • Cardiology
  • Hematology

Background:

  • Pulmonary embolism (PE) is uncommon in children, with a bimodal distribution in neonates and adolescents.
  • Predisposing factors include central venous lines, infection, and congenital heart disease.
  • Clinical signs are often non-specific or masked by other conditions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current understanding of pediatric pulmonary embolism.
  • To highlight differences in etiology, presentation, diagnosis, and treatment compared to adults.
  • To identify areas requiring further research in pediatric PE.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature and adult guidelines for diagnostic and treatment recommendations.
  • Discussion of diagnostic modalities including ventilation/perfusion scintigraphy, CTPA, and MRPA.
  • Overview of initial and extended anticoagulant therapies (UFH, LMWH, VKAs).

Main Results:

  • PE in children is associated with significant risk factors and non-specific symptoms.
  • Diagnostic approaches often adapt adult recommendations, with V/Q scans, CTPA, and MRPA playing roles.
  • Treatment involves heparinoids and vitamin K antagonists, with extrapolated duration data from adult studies.
  • Mortality is around 10%, often linked to underlying conditions; recurrence data is lacking.

Conclusions:

  • Pediatric PE requires tailored diagnostic and treatment strategies due to unique factors.
  • Current recommendations are largely based on adult data, highlighting a need for pediatric-specific research.
  • Further investigation is crucial to validate and refine management guidelines for children.