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The Phragmoplast01:59

The Phragmoplast

Cell division is essential for organismal growth and development. In animal cells, the central spindle and its associated proteins form the midbody, a structure that has an essential role in cytokinesis. In plants, the central spindle, along with the microtubules, actin, and other cell components, matures into the phragmoplast, which is necessary for cytokinesis. Unlike the stationary midbody, the phragmoplast expands centrifugally, eventually leading to the formation of the new cell wall.
The...
The Phragmoplast01:59

The Phragmoplast

Cell division is essential for organismal growth and development. In animal cells, the central spindle and its associated proteins form the midbody, a structure that has an essential role in cytokinesis. In plants, the central spindle, along with the microtubules, actin, and other cell components, matures into the phragmoplast, which is necessary for cytokinesis. Unlike the stationary midbody, the phragmoplast expands centrifugally, eventually leading to the formation of the new cell wall.
The...
Non-nuclear Inheritance01:29

Non-nuclear Inheritance

Most DNA resides in the nucleus of a cell. However, some organelles in the cell cytoplasm⁠—such as chloroplasts and mitochondria⁠—also have their own DNA. These organelles replicate their DNA independently of the nuclear DNA of the cell in which they reside. Non-nuclear inheritance describes the inheritance of genes from structures other than the nucleus.
Distribution of Cytoplasmic Content02:33

Distribution of Cytoplasmic Content

Cytokinesis segregates a cell’s chromosomes and organelles into its daughter cells. Organelles divide and grow prior to cell division but cannot be synthesized de novo; therefore, cells must receive at least one copy of each organelle to survive. Currently, many of the details of how the organelles are distributed are not yet fully elucidated.
Distribution of cytoplasmic determinants
The cytoplasm contains various organelles, as well as salts, proteins, and water. The distribution of small...
Distribution of Cytoplasmic Content02:33

Distribution of Cytoplasmic Content

Cytokinesis segregates a cell’s chromosomes and organelles into its daughter cells. Organelles divide and grow prior to cell division but cannot be synthesized de novo; therefore, cells must receive at least one copy of each organelle to survive. Currently, many of the details of how the organelles are distributed are not yet fully elucidated.
Distribution of cytoplasmic determinants
The cytoplasm contains various organelles, as well as salts, proteins, and water. The distribution of small...
Determining the Plane of Cell Division02:13

Determining the Plane of Cell Division

Positioning the cell division plane is a critical step during development and cell differentiation, particularly during mitosis when the plane is essential for determining the size of the two daughter cells. The cell division plane is perpendicular to the plane of chromosome segregation, but different types of organisms have different cell division mechanisms to suit their morphology and function. 
Animal cells
In animal cells, the cleavage furrow forms along the plane of cell division starting...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 23, 2026

Plastoglobule Lipid Droplet Isolation from Plant Leaf Tissue and Cyanobacteria
10:35

Plastoglobule Lipid Droplet Isolation from Plant Leaf Tissue and Cyanobacteria

Published on: October 6, 2022

Plastid division.

Kevin Andrew Pyke1

  • 1Plant and Crop Sciences Division , School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham , Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough LE12 5RD , UK.

Aob PLANTS
|April 6, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Plastid replication, essential for plant growth, involves binary fission using proteins from both endosymbiont and host genomes. Understanding plastid division mechanisms and regulation remains an active area of research.

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Area of Science:

  • Plant Biology
  • Cell Biology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Plastids replicate via binary fission, a process crucial for plant development.
  • Plastid replication is vital during cell division for segregation and during cell expansion for generating functional plastids.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent advances in understanding plastid binary fission.
  • To highlight the roles of internal and external proteins in plastid replication.
  • To identify gaps in knowledge regarding plastid division control and diverse plastid types.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of recent advances in plastid division research.
  • Analysis of protein involvement in plastid replication.
  • Comparison of plastid division mechanisms across different plant cell types.

Main Results:

  • Plastid division utilizes proteins with bacterial homologs, originating from endosymbiont and host genomes.
  • An alternative budding-type replication mechanism is observed in some cases.
  • Knowledge of plastid division is primarily focused on leaf mesophyll chloroplasts.

Conclusions:

  • The precise control mechanisms of plastid division at organelle and population levels require further investigation.
  • The role of plastid division in non-chloroplast plastid types is not well understood.
  • Further research is needed to elucidate the complete process of plastid replication and its regulation.