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Microwave-assisted headspace solid-phase microextraction to quantify polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in pine trees.

Nuno Ratola¹, Paulo Herbert, Arminda Alves

¹LEPAE, Departamento de Engenharia Química, Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal. nrneto@fe.up.pt

Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry

|April 6, 2012

Summary

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A new method accurately measures 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in pine needles and bark. Urban sites show higher PAH levels, with gas-phase PAHs dominating needles.

Area of Science:

Environmental Chemistry
Analytical Chemistry
Plant Science

Background:

Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) are persistent organic pollutants.
Pine trees (Pinus pinaster and Pinus pinea) can accumulate atmospheric pollutants.
Accurate methods are needed to quantify PAHs in plant matrices.

Purpose of the Study:

To validate a novel methodology for extracting and quantifying 16 PAHs.
To assess PAH levels in needles and bark of two pine species.
To compare PAH contamination in urban versus rural environments.

Main Methods:

Microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) coupled with headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME).
Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) for detection and quantification.

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Validation using recovery assays and analysis of naturally contaminated samples.

Main Results:

Method validated with low detection limits (<0.92 ng g⁻¹ dw for needles, <0.43 ng g⁻¹ dw for bark).
Mean recovery values between 70-129% across species and sample types.
Higher PAH levels detected in urban sites and in Pinus pinaster compared to Pinus pinea.
Gas-phase PAHs predominated in needles (>65%), while particulate PAHs were more significant in bark (up to 40%).

Conclusions:

The developed MAE-HS-SPME-GC/MS method is suitable for PAH analysis in pine needles and bark.
The study provides insights into PAH distribution and accumulation in different plant tissues and environments.
The method improves existing approaches for assessing particulate PAHs and bark contamination.