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Knee Joint

Knee Joint

The knee joint is the most complicated joint in the body. It consists of three articulations– two tibiofemoral and one patellofemoral. As is characteristic of synovial joints, the knee joint has a thin articular capsule that partially surrounds this joint cavity. Additionally, several ligaments, muscles, and cartilaginous structures support the movement of the knee.
A total of seven ligaments support the knee joint. The patellar ligament, which is also attached to the quadriceps femoris group...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 23, 2026

In Vitro Application of a Wireless Sensor in Flexion-Extension Gap Balance of Unicompartmental Knee Arthroplasty

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Do dynamic cement-on-cement knee spacers provide better function and activity during two-stage exchange?

David J Jaekel¹, Judd S Day, Gregg R Klein

¹Implant Research Center, School of Biomedical Engineering, Science, and Heath Systems, Drexel University, 3401 Market Street, Suite 300, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA. djj25@drexel.edu

Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research

|April 6, 2012

Summary

Dynamic cement spacers improve patient mobility after knee replacement surgery. These spacers show increased activity levels and only minor wear, indicating good performance despite internal porosity.

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Area of Science:

Orthopedic surgery
Biomaterials science
Wear analysis

Background:

Antibiotic bone cement spacers are used for infected knee replacements (TKA).
Dynamic spacers offer potential mobility benefits over static ones.
Their impact on mobility and wear is not well understood.

Purpose of the Study:

Characterize patient activity with dynamic cement-on-cement spacers.
Assess surface damage on these spacers.
Analyze the internal porous structure of the spacers.

Main Methods:

Collected 22 dynamic and 14 static spacers from revision surgeries.
Gathered patient demographic data and UCLA activity levels.
Evaluated surface damage (Hood scoring) and internal structure (micro-CT).

Main Results:

Dynamic spacers showed higher patient activity (UCLA scores).
Burnishing was the primary wear mode observed.
Micro-CT revealed porous, inhomogeneous internal structures with defects.

Conclusions:

Dynamic cement-on-cement spacers permit increased patient mobility without failure.
Burnishing was the main damage, with no fractures or delamination.
Spacer porosity varied but did not impact material failure.