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Related Concept Videos

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder01:30

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by persistent inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. It affects approximately 5-8% of children globally, with around 60-70% of cases persisting into adulthood. ADHD has significant implications for educational attainment, social interactions, and occupational success.
Diagnostic Criteria and Symptoms
To diagnose ADHD, symptoms must manifest before age 12 and be evident across multiple settings.
Human Genetics01:28

Human Genetics

Human genetics provides a profound framework for understanding the interplay between genetic predispositions and human psychology. At the heart of this discipline lies the study of how genes influence physical traits, behaviors, and susceptibility to diseases. Each person carries a unique genetic code that subtly or significantly shapes their psychological and behavioral landscape.
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Behavioral Genetics and Its Designs

Behavior genetics explores how genetic inheritance influences human behavior. It focuses on how genes, passed from parents to offspring, contribute to the development of behavioral traits and tendencies. This branch of genetics seeks to understand the complex interplay between inherited genetic factors and environmental influences in shaping our behaviors.
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Drug dependence, abuse, and addiction are complex phenomena that can precipitate various abnormal states. Physical dependence refers to a state of pharmacological adaptation to a drug. This adaptation often results in tolerance—a reduced response to the drug after repeated administrations. When the drug use is abruptly stopped, withdrawal symptoms occur due to the body's need to readjust from the pharmacologically induced imbalance. However, tolerance and withdrawal symptoms do not necessarily...
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Participant Modeling
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Event Related Potentials (ERPs) and other EEG Based Methods for Extracting Biomarkers of Brain Dysfunction: Examples from Pediatric Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
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Neural and behavioral endophenotypes in ADHD.

Natalia del Campo1, Ulrich Müller, Barbara J Sahakian

  • 1Department of Psychiatry, and Behavioral and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK, nata.delcampo@gmail.com.

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Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) research is shifting from symptom-based to endophenotype strategies. Neuroimaging techniques like PET and MRI offer insights into ADHD

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Psychiatry
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a complex neurodevelopmental disorder.
  • Traditional symptom-based ADHD classifications do not fully capture its underlying heterogeneity.
  • Endophenotype-based approaches are emerging to better understand ADHD pathophysiology.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current knowledge on neural and behavioral endophenotypes of ADHD.
  • To explore the role of neuroimaging in identifying ADHD endophenotypes.
  • To examine endophenotypes across the lifespan.

Main Methods:

  • Review of molecular and structural neuroimaging studies (PET, MRI).
  • Integration of findings with neuropsychological and pharmacological models of ADHD.
  • Lifespan perspective on ADHD endophenotypes.

Main Results:

  • Neuroimaging techniques provide insights into neurochemical and neuroanatomical underpinnings of ADHD.
  • Endophenotypes offer a more nuanced understanding of ADHD heterogeneity.
  • Evidence suggests distinct neural correlates across different ADHD presentations and age groups.

Conclusions:

  • Endophenotype-based strategies, particularly using neuroimaging, are crucial for advancing ADHD research.
  • Understanding neural and behavioral endophenotypes is key to unraveling ADHD's complex pathophysiology.
  • A lifespan approach is essential for characterizing ADHD endophenotypes.