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Phylogeny

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Phylogeny is concerned with the evolutionary diversification of organisms or groups of organisms. A group of organisms with a name is called a taxon (singular). Taxa (plural) can span different levels of the evolutionary hierarchy. For instance, the group containing all birds is a taxon (comprising the class Aves), and the group of all species of daisies (the genus Bellis) is a taxon. Phylogenies can likewise include just one genus (i.e., depict species relationships) or span an entire kingdom.

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RBDT: A Computerized Task System based in Transposition for the Continuous Analysis of Relational Behavior Dynamics in Humans

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Predicting taxonomic and thematic relational responding.

J Grayson Osborne, John Heath

The Analysis of Verbal Behavior

|April 6, 2012

Summary

This study explored how people perceive relationships between images, finding that identity and basic taxonomy are seen as stronger connections than theme or superordinate taxonomy. Participants consistently matched strongly related images in a task.

Area of Science:

Cognitive Psychology
Visual Perception
Human-Computer Interaction

Background:

Understanding how humans categorize and relate visual stimuli is fundamental to cognitive science.
Previous research has explored various relational properties of images, but a systematic comparison of different relation types is needed.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate and quantify the perceived strength of different types of relationships between visual stimuli (identity, basic taxonomy, superordinate taxonomy, theme).
To examine how these perceived relational strengths influence performance in a matching-to-sample task.

Main Methods:

Five experiments were conducted using college students.
Participants classified and rated the strength or similarity of picture pairs across four relation types: identity, basic taxonomy, superordinate taxonomy, and theme.

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A matching-to-sample task was employed using two-choice configurations with natural stimuli.

Main Results:

Participants' classifications of picture relations largely aligned with the authors' classifications.
A consistent ordering of perceived relational strength was observed: identity > basic taxonomy > theme > superordinate taxonomy.
Performance in the matching-to-sample task was high (≥90%) for strongly related picture pairs.

Conclusions:

The perceived strength of visual stimulus relations is hierarchical, with identity and basic taxonomy being the most salient.
Matching-to-sample performance with natural stimuli appears to be influenced by pre-existing stimulus control, reflecting these perceived relational strengths.