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Related Concept Videos

Pulmonary Function Tests01:25

Pulmonary Function Tests

Pulmonary Function Tests (PFTs)
Pulmonary Function Tests are crucial diagnostic tools for assessing respiratory function, particularly in patients with chronic respiratory disorders. They comprehensively evaluate lung volumes, ventilatory function, breathing mechanics, diffusion, and gas exchange. These tests help diagnose pulmonary diseases and play a significant role in monitoring disease progression, evaluating disability, and assessing response to therapy.
PFTs involve using a spirometer, a...
Gross Anatomy of the Lungs01:17

Gross Anatomy of the Lungs

The lungs are a pair of vital organs connected to the trachea via the left and right bronchi. The base of these organs meets the dome-shaped muscle known as the diaphragm. Encased by the pleurae, the lungs contact the mediastinum. The right lung is shorter yet wider, and has a larger volume than the left lung. The left lung has an indentation known as the cardiac notch. The superior region of the lungs is referred to as the apex, whereas the base is the lower region near the diaphragm. The...
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease-IV: Assessement and Diagnostic Studies01:27

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease-IV: Assessement and Diagnostic Studies

Assessing and diagnosing Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) involves a detailed approach that includes a comprehensive review of medical history, physical examination, and a variety of diagnostic tests. This thorough evaluation is essential to ensure an accurate diagnosis and guide effective management strategies.
Medical History
The Bronchial Tree01:23

The Bronchial Tree

The human bronchi and bronchial tree play a crucial role in the respiratory system, facilitating the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide. Let's delve into the intricate structure and functions of these respiratory components.
The trachea, commonly known as the windpipe, is a tube that connects the larynx (voice box) to the bronchi. At a point called the carina, it bifurcates into two primary bronchi. The right primary bronchus is wider, shorter, and more vertical than the left primary...
Anatomy of Respiratory System II: Lower Respiratory Tract01:31

Anatomy of Respiratory System II: Lower Respiratory Tract

The lower respiratory tract is anatomically composed of several vital structures, including the larynx, trachea, bronchial tree, alveoli, lungs, and pleurae. Each component has a specific function, and all are intricately connected to ensure efficient respiration.
The Larynx
It is located between the pharynx and the trachea, acts as a passageway for air, and hosts several critical structures, such as the epiglottis, vocal cords, and glottis. The epiglottis acts as a gateway, guiding food to the...
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease III: Chronic Bronchitis Features01:24

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease III: Chronic Bronchitis Features

Chronic bronchitis is a key phenotype of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), characterized by airway-centered inflammation and mucus overproduction. It develops from long-term exposure to harmful particles or gases, most commonly cigarette smoke, which triggers a persistent inflammatory response.Cellular and Structural ChangesInflammation initially affects the large bronchi and later the smaller airways, with infiltration by immune cells, including neutrophils, macrophages, and...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 23, 2026

Multi-modal Pulmonary Imaging: Using Complementary Information from CT and Hyperpolarized 129Xe MRI to Evaluate Lung Structure-Function
02:09

Multi-modal Pulmonary Imaging: Using Complementary Information from CT and Hyperpolarized 129Xe MRI to Evaluate Lung Structure-Function

Published on: April 12, 2024

[Lung function diagnostics for the small airways].

K Husemann1, P Haidl, C Kroegel

  • 1Klinik Schillerhöhe, Zentrum für Pneumologie und Thoraxchirurgie, Robert-Bosch-Krankenhaus GmbH, Gerlingen, Germany. kim.husemann@klinik-schillerhoehe.de

Pneumologie (Stuttgart, Germany)
|April 6, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Detecting small airway dysfunction is crucial for obstructive lung diseases. New non-invasive lung function tests show promise in diagnosing and monitoring these conditions, improving inhalation therapy effectiveness.

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Area of Science:

  • Pulmonary Medicine
  • Respiratory Physiology

Context:

  • Growing interest in the role of distal airways (internal diameter < 2 mm) in obstructive lung diseases.
  • Small airway inflammation is a key factor in severe asthma and airflow obstruction.
  • Small airways are a critical target for effective inhalation therapy.

Purpose:

  • To review current and emerging non-invasive lung function tests for assessing small airway dysfunction.
  • To highlight the potential of techniques like impulse oscillometry, nitrogen washout, and exhaled nitric oxide analysis.

Summary:

  • Currently, no single lung function parameter reliably detects small airway dysfunction.
  • Spirometry and body plethysmography provide indirect information on air trapping (e.g., FVC/SVC ratio, RV).
  • Impulse oscillometry, nitrogen washout, and exhaled nitric oxide are promising for measuring peripheral airway resistance, air trapping, and inflammation.

Impact:

  • These advanced non-invasive tests could improve diagnosis and treatment monitoring for small airway diseases.
  • Validation of these functional tests is needed for clinical application in pulmonary conditions.
  • Enhanced assessment of small airways may lead to more targeted and effective inhalation therapies.