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Reasoning

Reasoning

Reasoning is the action of thinking about something in a logical, sensible way. It is integral to problem-solving, decision-making, and critical thinking. Reasoning can be inductive or deductive. Reasoning involves transforming information into conclusions, which is essential for problem-solving, decision-making, and critical thinking.
Inductive reasoning involves deriving generalizations from specific observations. This type of reasoning helps form beliefs about the world. For example,...

Inductive Reasoning

Inductive Reasoning

Inductive reasoning is a form of logical thinking that uses related observations to arrive at a general conclusion. It is uncertain and operates in degrees to which the conclusions are credible. As such, inductive arguments can be weak or strong, rather than valid or invalid, and conclusions can be used to formulate testable, falsifiable hypotheses.
Inductive reasoning is common in descriptive science. A life scientist makes observations and records them. This data can be qualitative or...

Deductive Reasoning

Deductive Reasoning

Deductive reasoning, or deduction, is the type of logic used in hypothesis-based science. In deductive reasoning, the pattern of thinking moves in the opposite direction as compared to inductive reasoning, which means that it uses a general principle or law to predict specific results. From those general principles, a scientist can deduce and predict the specific results that would be valid as long as the general principles are valid.
For example, a researcher can deduce specific predictions...

Reason and Intuition

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The human brain processes information for decision-making using one of two routes: an intuitive system and a rational system (Epstein, 1994; popularized by Kahneman, 2011 as System 1 and System 2, respectively). The intuitive system is quick, impulsive, and operates with minimal effort, relying on emotions or habits to provide cues for what to do next, while the rational system is logical, analytical, deliberate, and methodical. Research in neuropsychology suggests that the brain can only use...

Critical Thinking II

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Natural and Artificial Concepts

Natural and Artificial Concepts

In psychology, concepts can be divided into two categories: natural and artificial. Natural concepts are formed through direct or indirect experiences. For example, consider the concept of snow. If you live in a place with regular snowfall, such as Essex Junction, Vermont, you know snow through direct experiences. You’ve seen it fall, touched it, shoveled it, and played in it. You recognize its texture, appearance, and even its smell. In contrast, if you live on an island like Saint Vincent in...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 23, 2026

Modeling Verbal Behavior Deficits with the Stimulus Control Ratio Equation, SCoRE

Modeling Verbal Behavior Deficits with the Stimulus Control Ratio Equation, SCoRE

Published on: May 14, 2019

Logic, reasoning, and verbal behavior.

D J Terrell, J M Johnston

The Behavior Analyst

|April 6, 2012

Summary

This study reinterprets logic and reasoning through radical behaviorism and Skinner

Area of Science:

Behavioral Psychology
Philosophy of Mind

Background:

Traditional logic and reasoning concepts are widely studied.
Radical behaviorism offers a unique framework for analyzing complex human behaviors.
Skinner's work on verbal behavior provides tools for understanding language and cognition.

Purpose of the Study:

To analyze traditional logic and reasoning concepts.
To apply the principles of radical behaviorism to understanding logic.
To examine Skinner's theory of verbal behavior in relation to logical processes.

Main Methods:

Conceptual analysis of logic and reasoning.
Application of radical behaviorism principles.
Integration of Skinner's framework for verbal behavior.

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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 23, 2026

Modeling Verbal Behavior Deficits with the Stimulus Control Ratio Equation, SCoRE

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Published on: May 14, 2019

The Adventures of Fundi Intervention Based on the Cognitive and Emotional Processing in Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder Patients

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Main Results:

Logic and reasoning can be understood as complex verbal behaviors.
Propositions, premises, and conclusions are analyzed as discriminative stimuli and responses.
Logicality and rules are framed as learned behavioral contingencies.

Conclusions:

Radical behaviorism provides a viable alternative perspective on logic and reasoning.
Skinner's analysis of verbal behavior offers a functional account of logical thought.
This approach opens new avenues for research in behavioral epistemology.