Extrinsic and intrinsic motivation at 30: Unresolved scientific issues

Area of Science:

• Psychology
• Behavioral Science

Background:

• The undermining effect theory posits that extrinsic rewards decrease intrinsic motivation.
• This theory has significantly influenced educational and psychological practices.
• However, its empirical support and theoretical underpinnings are debated.

Purpose of the Study:

• To critically evaluate the scientific evidence supporting the undermining effect of extrinsic rewards on intrinsic motivation.
• To identify and analyze methodological and conceptual limitations in research on this topic.
• To challenge the validity of the undermining effect theory and its practical implications.

Main Methods:

• Review and critique of existing definitions and measurements of intrinsic motivation.
• Analysis of experimental controls and potential confounding variables in studies.
• Examination of meta-analytic methods and potential biases in literature reviews.
• Consideration of the multifaceted nature of intrinsic motivation.

Main Results:

• Key issues identified include construct invalidity, measurement unreliability, inadequate experimental controls, and biased meta-reviews.
• The free-choice measure for intrinsic motivation is noted as unreliable and subjective.
• Alternative explanations like negative affect or novelty may account for observed effects.
• The theory fails to acknowledge the complex, multifaceted nature of intrinsic motivation.

Conclusions:

• The undermining effect of extrinsic rewards on intrinsic motivation lacks robust scientific proof.
• Existing research is hampered by significant methodological and conceptual flaws.
• Recommendations to limit applied behavior analysis based on this theory are ideologically driven and lack scientific support.