Optimized generation of high resolution breast anthropomorphic software phantoms
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Updated: May 23, 2026
Multimodal 3D Printing of Phantoms to Simulate Biological Tissue
Published on: January 11, 2020
David D Pokrajac1, Andrew D A Maidment, Predrag R Bakic
1Computer and Information Sciences Department, Delaware State University, Dover, DE 19901, USA.
Purpose:
The authors present an efficient method for generating anthropomorphic software breast phantoms with high spatial resolution. Employing the same region growing principles as in their previous algorithm for breast anatomy simulation, the present method has been optimized for computational complexity to allow for fast generation of the large number of phantoms required in virtual clinical trials of breast imaging.
Methods:
The new breast anatomy simulation method performs a direct calculation of the Cooper's ligaments (i.e., the borders between simulated adipose compartments). The calculation corresponds to quadratic decision boundaries of a maximum a posteriori classifier. The method is multiscale due to the use of octree-based recursive partitioning of the phantom volume. The method also provides user-control of the thickness of the simulated Cooper's ligaments and skin.
Results:
Using the proposed method, the authors have generated phantoms with voxel size in the range of (25-1000 μm)(3)∕voxel. The power regression of the simulation time as a function of the reciprocal voxel size yielded a log-log slope of 1.95 (compared to a slope of 4.53 of our previous region growing algorithm).
Conclusions:
A new algorithm for computer simulation of breast anatomy has been proposed that allows for fast generation of high resolution anthropomorphic software phantoms.
