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Related Concept Videos

Ankle Joint01:10

Ankle Joint

The ankle is formed by the talocrural joint (crural = leg). It consists of the articulations between the talus bone of the foot and the distal ends of the tibia and fibula of the leg. The superior aspect of the talus bone is square-shaped and has three areas of articulation. The top of the talus articulates with the inferior tibia. This is the portion of the ankle joint that carries the body weight between the leg and foot. The sides of the talus are firmly held in position by the articulations...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 23, 2026

Evaluating Postural Control and Lower-extremity Muscle Activation in Individuals with Chronic Ankle Instability
07:52

Evaluating Postural Control and Lower-extremity Muscle Activation in Individuals with Chronic Ankle Instability

Published on: September 18, 2020

Manual testing for ankle instability.

Emily Jane Wilkin1, Adrienne Hunt, Elizabeth Jean Nightingale

  • 1Discipline of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Sydney, Cumberland Campus, C42, 75 East St., Lidcombe, NSW 2141, Australia.

Manual Therapy
|April 10, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Manual tests for ankle stability show poor inter-rater reliability, even with experienced clinicians. These tests also showed low correlation with the Cumberland Ankle Instability Tool (CAIT) scores.

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Area of Science:

  • Orthopedics
  • Sports Medicine
  • Physical Therapy

Background:

  • Ankle instability is a common condition affecting athletes and the general population.
  • Accurate assessment of ankle stability is crucial for effective treatment and rehabilitation.
  • Manual tests are frequently used to evaluate ankle joint stability, but their reliability is debated.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the inter-rater reliability of four common manual tests used for assessing ankle stability.
  • To determine the correlation between these manual tests and the Cumberland Ankle Instability Tool (CAIT) scores.

Main Methods:

  • Sixty participants' ankles were assessed using four manual tests (anterior drawer, talar tilt, inversion tilt) by three raters with varying experience.
  • The Cumberland Ankle Instability Tool (CAIT) questionnaire was administered to all participants.
  • Inter-rater reliability was analyzed using intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC), standard error of the mean (SEM), and percent close agreement (PCA).
  • Pearson's correlation coefficients were used to assess the relationship between manual tests and CAIT scores.

Main Results:

  • Poor inter-rater reliability was observed for all four manual ankle tests, irrespective of the rater's experience (ICC range: -0.12 to 0.33).
  • Correlations between the manual tests and CAIT scores were low (r range: -0.12 to -0.42).

Conclusions:

  • Manual tests for assessing ankle stability demonstrate poor inter-rater reliability.
  • The low correlation between manual tests and CAIT scores suggests they may capture different aspects of ankle instability.
  • Consideration of simplified grading scales may enhance the reliability of manual ankle assessments.