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When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
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Updated: May 23, 2026

Induction of Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis in Mice and Evaluation of the Disease-dependent Distribution of Immune Cells in Various Tissues
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Published on: May 8, 2016

CXCL12: role in neuroinflammation.

Gordana Timotijević1, Marija Mostarica Stojković, Djordje Miljković

  • 1Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, Serbia.

The International Journal of Biochemistry & Cell Biology
|April 10, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Stromal cell derived factor-1 (CXCL12) is vital for development and immunity, acting via CXCR4 and CXCR7 receptors. Contrary to its pro-inflammatory role, CXCL12 exhibits anti-inflammatory effects in neuroinflammation.

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Last Updated: May 23, 2026

Induction of Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis in Mice and Evaluation of the Disease-dependent Distribution of Immune Cells in Various Tissues
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11:29

Development of an Insert Co-culture System of Two Cellular Types in the Absence of Cell-Cell Contact

Published on: July 17, 2016

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Neuroscience
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Chemokines, like CXCL12 (stromal cell derived factor-1), are key regulators of cell migration.
  • CXCL12 plays critical roles in neural and vascular development, hematopoiesis, and immune responses.
  • It signals through CXCR4 and CXCR7 receptors, with CXCR7 acting as a CXCL12 scavenger.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To present basic molecular and functional properties of CXCL12.
  • To detail the role of CXCL12 in central nervous system (CNS) autoimmunity and neuroinflammation.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on CXCL12 molecular and functional properties.
  • Analysis of studies investigating CXCL12's role in neuroinflammation and CNS autoimmunity.

Main Results:

  • CXCL12 is traditionally viewed as a pro-inflammatory molecule, attracting leukocytes.
  • Emerging evidence suggests CXCL12 possesses opposing, potentially anti-inflammatory, functions in neuroinflammation.
  • The dual role of CXCL12 in CNS autoimmunity warrants further investigation.

Conclusions:

  • CXCL12's function extends beyond a simple pro-inflammatory role, particularly in the CNS.
  • Understanding CXCL12's complex role in neuroinflammation is crucial for developing therapeutic strategies for CNS autoimmune diseases.