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Related Concept Videos

Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming01:24

Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming

Nuclear reprogramming is a process of transforming one cell type into an unrelated cell type by epigenetic changes that alter the cell’s original gene expression pattern. Such epigenetic changes force cells to express a different set of genes, which play a significant role in inducing transformation into other cell types. Nuclear reprogramming offers applications in reproductive cloning for livestock propagation and regenerative medicine — developing patient-specific cells for injury repair.
Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming01:29

Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming

Reprogramming alters the gene expression in somatic cells, transforming them into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells over several generations. Scientists can reprogram cells by introducing genes for four transcription factors—Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (OSKM) by viral or non-viral methods. These factors are also known as Yamanaka factors after Shinya Yamanaka, who first generated iPS cells using mouse skin cells. Yamanaka was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2012 for this...
Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells01:32

Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells

Chromatin modification alters gene expression; therefore, scientists can add histone-modifying enzymes, histone variants, and chromatin remodeling complexes to somatic cells to aid reprogramming into pluripotent stem (iPS) cells.
Compact chromatin makes reprogramming difficult. Enzymes, such as histone demethylases and acetyltransferases, are often added during reprogramming to loosen the chromatin, making the DNA more accessible to transcription factors. Molecules that inhibit histone...
Combinatorial Gene Control02:33

Combinatorial Gene Control

Combinatorial gene control is the synergistic action of several transcriptional factors to regulate the expression of a single gene. The absence of one or more of these factors may lead to a significant difference in the level of gene expression or repression.
The expression of more than 30,000 genes is controlled by approximately 2000-3000 transcription factors. This is possible because a single transcription factor can recognize more than one regulatory sequence. The specificity in gene...
Introduction to Nuclear Reprogramming01:14

Introduction to Nuclear Reprogramming

Nuclear reprogramming is the process of switching gene expression of one cell type to that of another cell type, usually from a differentiated cell state to an undifferentiated cell state. Differentiation occurs during processes such as development and morphogenesis, tissue regeneration, and malignancy. Cells can also be artificially induced to reprogram their gene expression by techniques such as nuclear transfer, induced pluripotency, and cell fusion. Such techniques have many applications in...
Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells01:13

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that divide and produce different types of cells. Ordinarily, cells that have differentiated into a specific cell type are post-mitotic—that is, they no longer divide. However, scientists have found a way to reprogram these mature cells so that they “de-differentiate” and return to an unspecialized, proliferative state. These cells are also pluripotent like embryonic stem cells—able to produce all cell types—and are therefore called induced pluripotent stem...

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Updated: May 23, 2026

RNA-based Reprogramming of Human Primary Fibroblasts into Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells
11:38

RNA-based Reprogramming of Human Primary Fibroblasts into Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Published on: November 26, 2018

Zfp296 is a novel, pluripotent-specific reprogramming factor.

Gerrit Fischedick1, Diana C Klein, Guangming Wu

  • 1Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Münster, Germany.

Plos One
|April 10, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Zinc finger protein 296 (Zfp296) significantly enhances induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) formation by activating Oct4 transcription. This discovery offers a more efficient method for generating iPSCs from somatic cells.

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Reprogramming Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma to Pluripotency
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Published on: November 26, 2018

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Area of Science:

  • Stem cell biology
  • Molecular mechanisms of reprogramming
  • Gene regulation

Background:

  • Reprogramming somatic cells into induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) using Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (OSKM) is inefficient.
  • Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) possess factors that enhance reprogramming efficiency.
  • Previous work identified early neural induction intermediates during mouse ESC differentiation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify novel factors from ESCs that enhance iPSC reprogramming.
  • To investigate the role of zinc finger protein 296 (Zfp296) in iPSC generation.
  • To elucidate the mechanism by which Zfp296 enhances reprogramming.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of gene expression profiles from mouse ESC neural differentiation intermediates.
  • Screening of 23 ESC-specific transcripts for their ability to enhance iPSC formation.
  • Experimental validation of Zfp296's role using OSKM reprogramming, gene expression analysis, and differentiation assays.
  • Assessment of iPSC pluripotency through chimera and teratoma formation.

Main Results:

  • Zfp296 was identified as a potent enhancer of iPSC formation, significantly increasing efficiency and speed when combined with OSKM.
  • Zfp296 is specifically expressed in pluripotent stem cells and germ cells.
  • Zfp296 activates Oct4 transcription via the CR4 region and promotes pluripotency by upregulating Nanog and downregulating differentiation markers.
  • Zfp296 inhibits, but does not block, neural differentiation in ESCs.

Conclusions:

  • Zfp296 is a key factor that enhances somatic cell reprogramming into iPSCs.
  • Zfp296's mechanism involves direct activation of Oct4 and maintenance of pluripotency.
  • Zfp296 represents a promising target for improving iPSC generation technologies.