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Related Concept Videos

Frequency-dependent Selection01:21

Frequency-dependent Selection

When the fitness of a trait is influenced by how common it is (i.e., its frequency) relative to different traits within a population, this is referred to as frequency-dependent selection. Frequency-dependent selection may occur between species or within a single species. This type of selection can either be positive—with more common phenotypes having higher fitness—or negative, with rarer phenotypes conferring increased fitness.
Natural Selection and Mating Preferences01:06

Natural Selection and Mating Preferences

The principle of natural selection posits that organisms better adapted to their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce. This principle is closely intertwined with mating preferences, a key aspect of sexual selection, which evolutionary psychologists believe is driven by instincts to propagate one's genes. Such instincts significantly influence mating behaviors and preferences between genders.
Females, due to their biological roles in conception, pregnancy, and nursing, inherently...
Mate Choice01:20

Mate Choice

Mate choice—the decision about whom to mate with—is a type of natural selection, since animals must reproduce to pass down their genes. Mate choice is also called intersexual selection because the behavior occurs between the sexes.
Formation of Species01:31

Formation of Species

Speciation describes the formation of one or more new species from one or sometimes multiple original species. The resulting species are discrete from the parent species, and barriers to reproduction will typically exist. There are two primary mechanisms, speciation with and without geographic isolation—allopatric and sympatric speciation, respectively.
Gene Flow02:39

Gene Flow

Gene flow is the transfer of genes among populations, resulting from either the dispersal of gametes or from the migration of individuals.
Hardy-Weinberg Principle01:49

Hardy-Weinberg Principle

Diploid organisms have two alleles of each gene, one from each parent, in their somatic cells. Therefore, each individual contributes two alleles to the gene pool of the population. The gene pool of a population is the sum of every allele of all genes within that population and has some degree of variation. Genetic variation is typically expressed as a relative frequency, which is the percentage of the total population that has a given allele, genotype or phenotype.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 23, 2026

Determination of the Mating Efficiency of Haploids in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
05:39

Determination of the Mating Efficiency of Haploids in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Published on: December 2, 2022

Functional pleiotropy and mating system evolution in plants: frequency-independent mating.

Crispin Y Jordan1, Sarah P Otto

  • 1Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada. jordan@zoology.ubc.ca

Evolution; International Journal of Organic Evolution
|April 11, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Pleiotropy, where one gene affects multiple traits, influences plant mating systems. Genes increasing viability alongside selfing can favor self-fertilization even with high inbreeding depression.

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Area of Science:

  • Evolutionary biology
  • Plant reproductive strategies
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Floral display and plant development mutations affect multiple traits like pollen export and selfing rates.
  • Pleiotropy's role in shaping mating systems and floral diversity in angiosperms is significant.
  • Theoretical studies on viability selection's impact on mating system evolution are limited.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To theoretically model plant mating system evolution under pleiotropy.
  • To investigate how a single locus affecting selfing rate, pollen export, and viability influences mating system evolution.

Main Methods:

  • Developed a theoretical model for plant mating system evolution.
  • Assumed frequency-independent mating to characterize prior selfing.
  • Incorporated pleiotropy where a single locus affects selfing rate, pollen export, and viability.

Main Results:

  • Pleiotropy linking increased viability and selfing rate hinders the evolution of pure outcrossing.
  • This pleiotropy can promote complete selfing, even with substantial inbreeding depression.
  • Mixed mating can evolve despite very high inbreeding depression due to this pleiotropy.

Conclusions:

  • Pleiotropy is crucial for understanding mating system evolution in plants.
  • Selection by nonpollinating agents may explain mixed mating, especially in species with severe inbreeding depression.