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Vaccinations

Vaccinations

Vaccines

Vaccines

Vaccines are among the most effective tools in preventive medicine, designed to prepare the immune system to recognize and combat infectious agents. By introducing antigens—substances that the immune system identifies as foreign—vaccines stimulate an adaptive immune response that leads to immunological memory. This immunological memory enables the body to mount a faster and more effective response upon future exposures to the actual pathogen.Vaccines can be categorized based on the type of...

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Development of Immunocompetence

Development of Immunocompetence

The initiation of cell-mediated immunity can be observed as early as the third month of fetal growth, with active antibody-mediated immunity following approximately one month later.
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Microorganisms in Medicine and Therapeutics

Microorganisms in Medicine and Therapeutics

Microorganisms play a fundamental role in vaccine development, gene therapy, and therapeutic production. Their biological properties are harnessed to advance medicine and public health. Beyond immunization, microorganisms contribute to gut health, antibiotic synthesis, and genetic disease treatment.Live Attenuated and Inactivated VaccinesLive attenuated vaccines, such as the measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine, utilize weakened forms of pathogens to closely resemble natural infections.

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Methods Of Healthcare Delivery System

At the different levels of the healthcare system, we see varying methods of healthcare used. These methods include managed care systems, case management, and primary healthcare.
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Vaccinia Reporter Viruses for Quantifying Viral Function at All Stages of Gene Expression

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Published on: May 15, 2014

The expanded programme on immunization: a lasting legacy of smallpox eradication.

Jean-Marie Okwo-Bele¹, Thomas Cherian

¹Department of Immunization, Vaccines and Biologicals, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland. okwobelej@who.int

|April 11, 2012

Summary

The Expanded Programme on Immunization (EPI) has significantly reduced vaccine-preventable diseases globally since the 1970s. Ongoing efforts combine routine services and campaigns for sustained disease control and surveillance.

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Area of Science:

Public Health
Epidemiology
Vaccinology

Background:

The Expanded Programme on Immunization (EPI) was established in the mid-1970s.
Its design was influenced by the successful smallpox eradication campaign (1966-1977).
Initial health infrastructure was inadequate for widespread immunization programs.

Purpose of the Study:

To highlight the achievements of the EPI in controlling vaccine-preventable diseases.
To discuss the evolution of immunization strategies from campaigns to routine services.
To emphasize the need for long-term sustainable approaches in immunization.

Main Methods:

Review of global immunization data and program implementation.
Analysis of historical vaccination campaign strategies.
Assessment of routine health service integration for immunization delivery.

Main Results:

Remarkable global reduction in mortality from measles, tetanus, diphtheria, and pertussis.
Widespread interruption of poliomyelitis transmission.
Increased use of vaccines against Hepatitis A, B, Hib, rotavirus, pneumococcus, meningococcus, HPV, and varicella.

Conclusions:

EPI has been highly successful in controlling vaccine-preventable diseases.
A shift towards routine immunization services has occurred, complemented by campaign and outreach strategies.
Sustained efforts and high-quality surveillance are crucial for long-term disease control and protection of new populations.