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Related Concept Videos

Myocarditis III: Medical Management01:14

Myocarditis III: Medical Management

Myocarditis: Comprehensive Medical ManagementMyocarditis, the heart muscle inflammation, requires a comprehensive medical management strategy that addresses the underlying cause, provides supportive care, manages symptoms, and reduces cardiac workload.Infections and Autoimmune CausesAdminister appropriate antimicrobial therapy when an infectious agent causes myocarditis. For instance, penicillin treats infections caused by Group A Streptococcus. In cases where autoimmune processes are...
Endocarditis III: Medical Management01:18

Endocarditis III: Medical Management

Infective endocarditis management involves a multifaceted approach encompassing infection prevention, lifestyle modifications, pharmacological therapy, and surgical management.Infection Prevention:Hand Hygiene: Thorough handwashing is crucial to prevent the spread of infection. Hand hygiene should be performed regularly, especially before and after using the restroom.Oral Hygiene: Good oral hygiene is essential. It includes brushing teeth immediately after waking up and before bed, flossing...
Myocarditis I: Introduction01:21

Myocarditis I: Introduction

Myocarditis is inflammation of the myocardium, which is the muscular layer of the heart.EtiologyMyocarditis has a diverse etiology, including a wide range of infectious and non-infectious causes:Infectious CausesViral: Common viruses include Coxsackie A and B, adenovirus, parvovirus B19, enteroviruses, and influenza A.Bacterial: Examples include infections caused by Streptococcus, Staphylococcus, and Mycoplasma species.Rickettsial: Infections like Rocky Mountain spotted fever can result in...
Myocarditis II: Clinical Features and Diagnostic Tests01:27

Myocarditis II: Clinical Features and Diagnostic Tests

Myocarditis is an inflammation of the heart muscle. The symptoms vary widely, encompassing asymptomatic presentations to severe, acute manifestations.Clinical PresentationAsymptomatic cases: In some instances, myocarditis may be asymptomatic, with the infection resolving without intervention. These cases often go undetected unless discovered incidentally through diagnostic imaging or tests conducted for other reasons.General Early Symptoms: Early symptoms of myocarditis are non-specific and can...
Cardiomyopathy III: Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy01:29

Cardiomyopathy III: Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, or HCM, is an autosomal dominant genetic disorder characterized by asymmetric left ventricular hypertrophy without ventricular dilation. It is more common in men and is typically diagnosed in young, athletic adults.EtiologyHCM is primarily genetic and is caused by mutations in genes encoding sarcomeric proteins. Researchers have identified over 1400 mutations across at least 11 different genes. Among these, the most frequently occurring mutations are found in the...
Myocarditis IV: Nursing Management01:22

Myocarditis IV: Nursing Management

Myocarditis is an inflammatory condition of the myocardium requiring meticulous nursing management for optimal patient outcomes. Effective management begins with a thorough assessment of the patient's medical history, paying close attention to past infections, autoimmune disorders, travel history, and exposure to toxins or drugs. Recent viral infections and systemic diseases are particularly relevant due to their potential role in triggering myocarditis.Physical Examination and MonitoringThe...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 23, 2026

Cox-Maze IV Procedure Concomitant with Valvular Surgery In Situs Inversus Dextrocardia: A Single-Center Experience in China
08:42

Cox-Maze IV Procedure Concomitant with Valvular Surgery In Situs Inversus Dextrocardia: A Single-Center Experience in China

Published on: February 11, 2022

Update on coxsackievirus B3 myocarditis.

DeLisa Fairweather1, Katelyn A Stafford, Yoon K Sung

  • 1Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA. dfairwea@jhsph.edu

Current Opinion in Rheumatology
|April 11, 2012
PubMed
Summary

T helper cell responses significantly impact coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) myocarditis. While Th1 immunity protects against viral replication and chronic disease, elevated Th2 and Th17 responses promote cardiac remodeling, leading to dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM).

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 23, 2026

Cox-Maze IV Procedure Concomitant with Valvular Surgery In Situs Inversus Dextrocardia: A Single-Center Experience in China
08:42

Cox-Maze IV Procedure Concomitant with Valvular Surgery In Situs Inversus Dextrocardia: A Single-Center Experience in China

Published on: February 11, 2022

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Cardiovascular Research
  • Virology

Background:

  • Coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) is a major cause of viral myocarditis.
  • T helper (Th) immune responses play a critical role in the pathogenesis of CVB3 myocarditis.
  • Understanding the specific roles of Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells is crucial for disease management.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent findings on CVB3 myocarditis pathogenesis.
  • To focus on the role of T helper immune responses in disease progression.
  • To elucidate the differential effects of Th1, Th2, and Th17 responses.

Main Methods:

  • Review of animal models of CVB3 myocarditis.
  • Analysis of immune responses, specifically T helper cell subsets.
  • Correlation of immune profiles with disease outcomes like myocarditis and dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM).

Main Results:

  • Th1 responses reduce viral replication and protect against acute myocarditis.
  • Th1 responses also inhibit detrimental Th2 responses, preventing progression to chronic myocarditis and DCM.
  • Elevated Th2 responses can promote cardiac remodeling and DCM, despite initial protection against acute inflammation.
  • Th17 responses are associated with cardiac remodeling and progression to DCM.

Conclusions:

  • Elevated Th2 and Th17 responses are key drivers of progression from myocarditis to DCM and heart failure.
  • Th1 responses offer protection by limiting viral replication and suppressing Th2 immunity, though they can exacerbate acute inflammation.
  • Modulating T helper cell balance presents a potential therapeutic strategy for CVB3-induced heart disease.