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Handwriting Analysis Indicates Spontaneous Dyskinesias in Neuroleptic Naïve Adolescents at High Risk for Psychosis

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Neurodevelopmental model of schizophrenia: update 2012.

J L Rapoport¹, J N Giedd, N Gogtay

¹Child Psychiatry Branch, NIH, NIMH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA. rapoporj@mail.nih.gov

Molecular Psychiatry

|April 11, 2012

Summary

The neurodevelopmental model of schizophrenia is updated by new research. Findings suggest early brain development issues, not specific genes, may offer broad targets for preventing psychosis spectrum disorders.

Area of Science:

Neuroscience
Developmental Psychology
Psychiatry

Background:

The neurodevelopmental model is dominant for childhood-onset neuropsychiatric disorders.
This review updates a 2005 assessment of studies impacting the schizophrenia neurodevelopmental model.

Purpose of the Study:

To review recent studies that modify or extend the neurodevelopmental model of schizophrenia.
To explore new insights into the early origins of psychosis spectrum disorders.

Main Methods:

Review of longitudinal whole-population studies.
Analysis of genetic variant studies, including copy number variants (CNVs).
Examination of gene expression studies and developmental brain imaging.

Main Results:

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Longitudinal studies support a dimensional concept of psychosis.
Placental pathology emerges as a potential prenatal risk marker.
Genetic variants (common and rare) are diagnostically nonspecific.
CNVs linked to schizophrenia also associate with autism, epilepsy, and intellectual disability.

Conclusions:

Early brain development timing and nature may be key.
Biological nonspecificity offers potential for broad preventive treatments.
Further research into molecular specificity and neuronal phenotyping is ongoing.