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Related Concept Videos

Development of Blood Vessels01:07

Development of Blood Vessels

The development of the vascular system in a fetus is a complex and intricate process that begins as early as 15 to 16 days post-conception. This process starts outside the embryo, specifically in the mesoderm of the yolk sac, chorion, and connecting stalk. Approximately two days later, the formation of blood vessels occurs within the embryo itself.
The initial formation of this system is facilitated by the small amount of yolk present in the ovum and yolk sac. Blood vessels originate from...
Mechanism of Angiogenesis01:10

Mechanism of Angiogenesis

Blood vessel formation starts early during embryonic development, around day 7. In the extraembryonic yolk sac, mesodermal precursor cells called hemangioblast proliferate and differentiate into angioblast. Angioblasts express vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 or VEGFR2, which binds VEGF-A, a proangiogenic factor, guiding blood vessel formation. VEGF signaling promotes angioblasts to form a blood island in the developing embryo. Angioblasts further differentiate, giving rise to...
Regulation of Angiogenesis and Blood Supply01:24

Regulation of Angiogenesis and Blood Supply

Rapidly dividing tumors, embryos, and wounded tissues require more oxygen than usual, lowering the oxygen concentration in the blood. At low oxygen or hypoxic conditions, an oxygen-sensitive transcription factor called the hypoxia-inducible factor 1 or HIF1 is activated. HIF1 is a dimeric protein of alpha (ɑ) and beta (β) subunits.  Under optimal oxygen conditions, HIF1β is present in the nucleus while HIF1ɑ remains in the cytosol. HIF1ɑ is hydroxylated by prolyl hydroxylase and factor...
Overview of the Vascular System01:20

Overview of the Vascular System

The vascular system comprises an extensive network of arteries, capillaries, and veins. The vascular system can be broadly divided into the blood and lymphatic systems. Typically, blood vessels can be categorized into three histological regions: tunica intima, tunica media, and tunica adventitia. The tunica intima consists of a single layer of endothelial cells attached to the basal lamina. Underlying the basal lamina is a connective tissue layer and an elastic lamina that gives stability and...
Development of the Lymphatic System01:15

Development of the Lymphatic System

The development of lymphatic tissues and vessels in embryonic life begins around the fifth week. These structures originate from the mesoderm layer, with lymph sacs emerging from developing veins.
The first lymph sacs to form are the paired jugular lymph sacs located at the junction of the internal jugular and subclavian veins. From these sacs, lymphatic capillary plexuses extend to the thorax, upper limbs, neck, and head, eventually forming lymphatic vessels. Each jugular lymph sac maintains a...
Venules01:08

Venules

Venules are an integral part of the microscopic circulatory system that bridges the gap between capillaries and veins.
Venules are much smaller in diameter compared to their larger counterparts, the veins. They are generally 8 to 100 micrometers in diameter, significantly smaller than the size of veins. The walls of venules are thin, consisting of the endothelium, a thin layer of connective tissue, and occasionally a few smooth muscle cells. This structural simplicity is a stark contrast...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 23, 2026

Generation of Human Blood Vessel Organoids from Pluripotent Stem Cells
09:46

Generation of Human Blood Vessel Organoids from Pluripotent Stem Cells

Published on: January 20, 2023

Vascular lumen formation.

Jennifer Axnick1, Eckhard Lammert

  • 1Institute of Metabolic Physiology, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany.

Current Opinion in Hematology
|April 11, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Vascular lumen formation involves endothelial cells in vertebrates but occurs without them in invertebrates. Some human tumors may use invertebrate-like mechanisms for vascularization, bypassing endothelial cell dependence.

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Micropatterning and Assembly of 3D Microvessels
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Last Updated: May 23, 2026

Generation of Human Blood Vessel Organoids from Pluripotent Stem Cells
09:46

Generation of Human Blood Vessel Organoids from Pluripotent Stem Cells

Published on: January 20, 2023

Micropatterning and Assembly of 3D Microvessels
13:05

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Published on: September 9, 2016

Stepwise Cell Seeding on Tessellated Scaffolds to Study Sprouting Blood Vessels
07:49

Stepwise Cell Seeding on Tessellated Scaffolds to Study Sprouting Blood Vessels

Published on: January 14, 2021

Area of Science:

  • Vascular Biology
  • Cellular Mechanisms
  • Comparative Physiology

Background:

  • The vascular lumen is critical for tissue oxygenation.
  • Understanding lumen formation is key to controlling vascularization.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review molecular and cellular mechanisms of vascular lumen formation.
  • To propose a hypothesis on oxygen transport in tumors.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on vasculogenesis and angiogenesis.
  • Comparative analysis of lumen formation in invertebrates and vertebrates.
  • Hypothesis generation based on tumor vascularization observations.

Main Results:

  • Vertebrate lumen formation involves endothelial cells, including junctional remodeling and cell surface dynamics.
  • Invertebrate lumen formation often occurs independently of endothelial cells.
  • Human tumors may utilize non-endothelial mechanisms for vascular lumen formation.

Conclusions:

  • Endothelial cell-driven lumen formation mechanisms are increasingly understood.
  • Mechanisms of vascular system establishment in invertebrates and some tumors remain largely unknown.