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Healthcare Associated Infections I: Iatrogenic, Exogenic and Endogenic

Healthcare Associated Infections I: Iatrogenic, Exogenic and Endogenic

Healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) occur in a healthcare facility while a person receives care for another ailment. This category also includes work-related infections among healthcare staff.
HAIs significantly increase the cost of health care. Extended stays in healthcare institutions, increased disability, increased costs of medications, including specialized antibiotics, and prolonged recovery times add to the patient's expenses and the healthcare institution and funding bodies. Common...

Healthcare Associated Infections II: Preventive Measures

Healthcare Associated Infections II: Preventive Measures

Essential infection prevention measures are based on the knowledge of the infection chain, the modes of transmission in healthcare settings, and the use of the best practices in all healthcare settings. Compulsory public reporting of healthcare-associated infection rates is needed to allow individuals and the community to make informed choices regarding selecting a healthcare facility.
The best practices for preventing healthcare-associated infections include hand hygiene, patient risk...

Pneumonia I: Introduction

Pneumonia I: Introduction

Pneumonia is an acute respiratory infection that targets the lungs, specifically the alveoli. These tiny air sacs, essential for oxygen exchange, become engorged with pus and fluid, severely hindering breathing, decreasing oxygen absorption, and causing significant pain and discomfort during respiration.
Risk Factors
Various factors influence the likelihood of developing pneumonia. Age plays a crucial role, with infants, children under two, and individuals over 65 at increased risk due to their...

Pneumonia I: Introduction

Pneumonia I: Introduction

Pneumonia is an infection of the lower respiratory tract that leads to inflammation of the lung parenchyma, often resulting in the accumulation of inflammatory exudate in the alveoli and airways. Unlike the watery, low-protein fluid exudate in pulmonary edema, the exudate in this case is a thick fluid rich in immune cells, proteins, and debris produced during infection and inflammation.This impairs gas exchange and can lead to consolidation of lung tissue. The infection may be caused by a...

Endocarditis I: Introduction

Endocarditis I: Introduction

Introduction:Endocarditis is the infection of the endocardium, the inner lining of the heart and its valves. When the heart muscle is involved, the condition is termed myocarditis, while an infection of the outer lining is called pericarditis. Infective endocarditis (IE) primarily affects the endocardium, where pathogens adhere to the valves or lining, forming vegetation that can lead to severe complications. Infective endocarditis occurs when microorganisms, usually bacteria from other body...

Infection

Infection

When a pathogen enters the body and reproduces, it can cause an infection, damage body cells, and cause illness symptoms that eventually lead to disease. Therefore, its prevention requires breaking the chain of infection.
The chain begins with pathogens: bacteria, viruses, fungi, prions, or parasites such as protozoa helminths. These can be present on the skin as transient or resident flora, or they can be acquired from the environment. Identifying and treating the type of infection and...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 23, 2026

Design of Cecal Ligation and Puncture and Intranasal Infection Dual Model of Sepsis-Induced Immunosuppression

Design of Cecal Ligation and Puncture and Intranasal Infection Dual Model of Sepsis-Induced Immunosuppression

Published on: June 15, 2019

Nosocomial infections.

Reid K Nakamura¹, Emily Tompkins

¹Advanced Veterinary Care Center, Lawndale, CA, USA.

Compendium (Yardley, PA)

|April 11, 2012

Summary

Nosocomial infections (NIs), or hospital-acquired infections, are common and often resistant to antibiotics. Simple hand hygiene practices are effective in preventing these infections.

Area of Science:

Infectious Diseases
Hospital Epidemiology
Antimicrobial Resistance

Background:

Nosocomial infections (NIs) are a significant concern in healthcare settings.
These infections are frequently associated with high rates of antimicrobial resistance.
Common NIs include pneumonia, urinary tract infections, surgical site infections, and bloodstream infections.

Purpose of the Study:

To summarize the epidemiology and common types of nosocomial infections.
To highlight the challenge of antimicrobial resistance in NIs.
To emphasize effective prevention strategies for NIs.

Main Methods:

Literature review on nosocomial infections.
Analysis of common NI types and associated pathogens.

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Following in Real Time the Impact of Pneumococcal Virulence Factors in an Acute Mouse Pneumonia Model Using Bioluminescent Bacteria

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Published on: February 23, 2014

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Last Updated: May 23, 2026

Design of Cecal Ligation and Puncture and Intranasal Infection Dual Model of Sepsis-Induced Immunosuppression

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Published on: June 15, 2019

Following in Real Time the Impact of Pneumococcal Virulence Factors in an Acute Mouse Pneumonia Model Using Bioluminescent Bacteria

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Published on: February 23, 2014

Evaluation of infection control interventions.

Main Results:

Nosocomial infections represent a substantial burden in hospitals.
Antimicrobial resistance complicates the treatment of NIs.
Hand hygiene is a proven method for reducing NI incidence.

Conclusions:

Hospital-acquired infections are a critical issue in patient care.
Combating antimicrobial resistance is essential for managing NIs.
Implementing and enforcing hand hygiene protocols can significantly decrease NI rates.