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Related Concept Videos

Infertility in Males01:23

Infertility in Males

Male infertility affects millions of couples worldwide, arising from various factors that impact different stages of the reproductive process. An endocrine imbalance resulting from conditions like hypogonadism, Klinefelter syndrome, or pituitary disorders can disrupt hormone levels and reduce sperm production. Testicular defects, such as tumors, cryptorchidism, atrophic testes, abnormal sperm morphology, and low sperm count or motility, may arise due to genetic factors, structural...
Spermatogenesis01:41

Spermatogenesis

Spermatogenesis is the process by which haploid sperm cells are produced in the male testes. It starts with stem cells located close to the outer rim of seminiferous tubules. These spermatogonial stem cells divide asymmetrically to give rise to additional stem cells (meaning that these structures “self-renew”), as well as sperm progenitors, called spermatocytes. Importantly, this method of asymmetric mitotic division maintains a population of spermatogonial stem cells in the male reproductive...
Sperm Transport01:15

Sperm Transport

The journey of sperm from its origin to the point of ejaculation begins within the seminiferous tubules of the testis. Here, Sertoli cells produce fluid that propels non-motile sperm through a series of conduits, starting with the straight tubules leading to the rete testis. This interconnected network of tubules acts as the initial pathway for sperm, guiding them into the efferent ductules and then into the epididymis for maturation.
The maturation phase occurs in the epididymis, where sperm...
Fertilization01:38

Fertilization

During fertilization, an egg and sperm cell fuse to create a new diploid structure. In humans, the process occurs once the egg has been released from the ovary, and travels into the fallopian tubes. The process requires several key steps: 1) sperm present in the genital tract must locate the egg; 2) once there, sperm need to release enzymes to help them burrow through the protective zona pellucida of the egg; and 3) the membranes of a single sperm cell and egg must fuse, with the sperm...

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Studies on in vitro production of equine embryos by Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection (ICSI) using non-sorted, or sex-sorted, frozen/thawed stallion sperm: Effects on post-thaw sperm quality, cleavage and blastocyst rates, and characterization of cellular events during the first 24 hours post-fertilization via confocal microscopy.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 23, 2026

The Examination of Peroxidase-Positive Leukocytes in Semen
04:36

The Examination of Peroxidase-Positive Leukocytes in Semen

Published on: January 19, 2024

Azoospermia in stallions: determining the cause.

Terry L Blanchard1, Dickson D Varner, Steven P Brinsko

  • 1Texas A&M University, TX, USA.

Compendium (Yardley, PA)
|April 11, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Diagnosing stallion infertility involves checking for ejaculation and seminal fluid. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) levels in seminal plasma help identify the cause of azoospermia, guiding further diagnostic and treatment strategies for reproductive issues.

Area of Science:

  • Veterinary Science
  • Reproductive Biology
  • Equine Medicine

Background:

  • Failure to ejaculate sperm in stallions presents a significant diagnostic challenge for equine practitioners.
  • Initial assessment requires confirming if the stallion is actually ejaculating semen.
  • Azoospermia, the absence of sperm in ejaculate, necessitates further investigation into the underlying cause.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To outline a diagnostic approach for stallions exhibiting azoospermia.
  • To evaluate the utility of seminal alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity as a diagnostic marker.
  • To differentiate between obstructive and non-obstructive causes of ejaculatory failure in stallions.

Main Methods:

  • Clinical assessment of ejaculation in stallions.

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Vessel-Sparing Microsurgical Longitudinal Intussusception Vasoepididymostomy to Treat Epididymal Obstructive Azoospermia
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Vessel-Sparing Microsurgical Longitudinal Intussusception Vasoepididymostomy to Treat Epididymal Obstructive Azoospermia

Published on: May 27, 2022

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Last Updated: May 23, 2026

The Examination of Peroxidase-Positive Leukocytes in Semen
04:36

The Examination of Peroxidase-Positive Leukocytes in Semen

Published on: January 19, 2024

Vessel-Sparing Microsurgical Longitudinal Intussusception Vasoepididymostomy to Treat Epididymal Obstructive Azoospermia
06:28

Vessel-Sparing Microsurgical Longitudinal Intussusception Vasoepididymostomy to Treat Epididymal Obstructive Azoospermia

Published on: May 27, 2022

  • Analysis of seminal plasma for alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity.
  • Diagnostic pursuit based on ALP levels: low ALP suggests outflow obstruction or retrograde ejaculation; high ALP suggests testicular defects.

    • Main Results:

    • Low seminal ALP activity indicates potential blockage in the excurrent duct system or retrograde ejaculation.
    • High seminal ALP activity points towards a primary testicular defect affecting sperm production.
    • Some cases, like plugged ampullae or temporary testicular degeneration, may resolve with treatment or time.

    Conclusions:

    • Seminal ALP activity is a valuable tool in diagnosing the cause of azoospermia in stallions.
    • This diagnostic strategy helps differentiate between various causes of ejaculatory failure.
    • Understanding the cause is crucial for implementing appropriate management and improving fertility outcomes in stallions.