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Actin Treadmilling01:18

Actin Treadmilling

Actin filaments undergo polymerization and depolymerization from either end. The polymerization and depolymerization rates depend on the cytosolic concentration of free G-actins. The polymerization rate is generally higher at the plus or barbed end, while the depolymerization rate is higher at the minus or pointed end. At a steady state, critical concentration describes the concentration of free G-actin monomers at which the polymerization rate at the plus end is equal to that of the...

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Quantifying Learning in Young Infants: Tracking Leg Actions During a Discovery-learning Task
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Longitudinal changes in muscle activity during infants' treadmill stepping.

Caroline Teulier1, Jennifer K Sansom, Karin Muraszko

  • 1Laboratoire Psychologie de la Perception, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France.

Journal of Neurophysiology
|April 12, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Infant treadmill stepping shows improved movement control with age, but muscle activation patterns remain highly variable. Stable neural control for this novel task develops with functional practice, not just innate maturation.

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Area of Science:

  • Developmental motor control
  • Infant biomechanics
  • Neuromuscular development

Background:

  • Previous studies on treadmill stepping kinetics used cross-sectional designs.
  • Infant motor development involves refining kinematic and kinetic strategies.
  • Understanding muscle activation patterns is key to infant motor learning.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To longitudinally examine muscle activation patterns during unpracticed treadmill stepping in healthy infants.
  • To correlate kinematic changes with underlying muscle activity over the first year of life.
  • To investigate the development of neural control strategies for infant stepping.

Main Methods:

  • Longitudinal study of 12 healthy infants at 1, 6, and 12 months of age.
  • Assessment of muscle activation (electromyography) of lateral gastrocnemius, tibialis anterior, rectus femoris, and biceps femoris during treadmill stepping.
  • Analysis of kinematic variables including step frequency and foot contact patterns.

Main Results:

  • Infants demonstrated improved kinematics, including increased step frequency and altered foot contact.
  • High variability in muscle activation patterns was observed, decreasing with age.
  • Agonist-antagonist muscle coactivation reduced with age, while lateral gastrocnemius showed adult-like probability patterns.

Conclusions:

  • Infant kinematic stability during treadmill stepping improves more than underlying kinetic strategies.
  • While innate motor control improves, stable neural activation for novel tasks like treadmill stepping requires functional practice.
  • Motor learning and practice are crucial for developing robust neuromuscular control in infancy.