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Related Concept Videos

Alterations in Respiration II01:30

Alterations in Respiration II

There are numerous types of normal and abnormal respiration. Based on ventilatory movements, breathing patterns are classified as regular, deep, or shallow. Examples include Biot's breathing, Cheyne-Stokes respiration, Kussmaul's breathing, hyperventilation, and hypoventilation. Each pattern is clinically significant and aids in evaluating patients.
In Biot's breathing, the respiratory rate and depth are irregular, alternating between periods of deep gasping and apnea. Common causes include...
Physiological Control of Respiration01:23

Physiological Control of Respiration

Introduction
Breathing, a seemingly passive process, is regulated by the respiratory center in the brainstem. This center coordinates the involuntary control of respirations, which means it occurs without conscious effort, ensuring a smooth and uninterrupted pattern.
Regulation of Ventilation
The body maintains ventilation by monitoring levels of carbon dioxide (CO2), oxygen (O2), and hydrogen ion concentration (pH) in the arterial blood. Among these factors, the level of CO2 plays a crucial...
Physiology of Respiration II: Neurogenic Control of Respiration01:22

Physiology of Respiration II: Neurogenic Control of Respiration

The neurogenic control of respiration coordinates various neural networks and pathways to regulate breathing rate and depth, meeting the body's oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange requirements. This system adapts to physiological and environmental conditions, ensuring optimal breathing patterns.
Central Control
The brainstem is the primary site of central control, hosting respiratory centers:
Acute Respiratory Failure-II01:21

Acute Respiratory Failure-II

Type I Respiratory Failure, or hypoxemic respiratory failure, occurs when the partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2) in arterial blood falls below 60 mmHg while breathing room air without a corresponding increase in arterial carbon dioxide levels (PaCO2). This condition highlights a significant impairment in the lungs' capacity to oxygenate the blood.
The underlying physiological abnormalities that contribute to hypoxemic respiratory failure include:
Hyperpnea and Hyperventilation01:25

Hyperpnea and Hyperventilation

Hyperventilation refers to a higher-than-normal rate and depth of breathing, often associated with anxiety attacks. This excessive breathing surpasses the body's need to expel CO2, leading to a condition known as hypocapnia - an unusually low level of carbon dioxide in the blood. Hypocapnia can constrict cerebral blood vessels, reducing blood flow to the brain, which may result in dizziness or fainting. Early signs include tingling and muscle spasms in the hands and face, caused by falling...
Acute Respiratory Failure-III01:30

Acute Respiratory Failure-III

Hypercapnic respiratory failure, also known as Type 2 or ventilatory respiratory failure, is a severe condition characterized by the body's inability to effectively remove carbon dioxide (CO2) from the bloodstream. It leads to an arterial CO2 pressure (PaCO2) exceeding 45 mmHg and a blood pH above 7.35. This situation indicates that the body's ventilatory demand, or the ventilation needed to maintain normal PaCO2 levels, surpasses its supply or the maximum gas flow achievable without causing...

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Hypoxia Alters miRNAs Levels Involved in Non-Mendelian Inheritance of Autism Spectrum Disorder in Mice
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Central hypoventilation and brainstem dysgenesis.

Thais Armangue1, Alfons Macaya, Elida Vazquez

  • 1Department of Pediatric Neurology, Hospital Universitari Materno-Infantil Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain.

Pediatric Neurology
|April 12, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study details a newborn with brainstem dysgenesis, presenting with facial palsy and breathing issues. The findings highlight a pontine lesion affecting respiratory control and neurological development.

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Pediatrics
  • Developmental Biology

Background:

  • Congenital hypotonia and neurological deficits in newborns require thorough investigation.
  • Brainstem dysgenesis can manifest with a spectrum of cranial nerve and respiratory abnormalities.

Observation:

  • A newborn presented with congenital hypotonia, unilateral facial palsy, and feeding difficulties.
  • Auditory brainstem response showed unilateral impairment, suggesting central nervous system involvement.
  • The infant later developed developmental delay and central hypoventilation syndrome during sleep.

Findings:

  • The clinical presentation, including unilateral facial paralysis and sleep-related breathing abnormalities, points to a pontine lesion.
  • Insensitivity to hypercapnia in sleep apnea indicates dysfunction of the parafacial respiratory group.
  • These findings confirm brainstem dysgenesis as the underlying cause.

Implications:

  • Early identification of brainstem dysgenesis is crucial for managing associated respiratory and developmental issues.
  • Understanding pontine lesion effects aids in predicting long-term neurological outcomes.
  • This case underscores the link between brainstem structure and autonomic respiratory control in infants.