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Related Concept Videos

Standing Waves in a Cavity01:28

Standing Waves in a Cavity

A household microwave and lasers are examples of standing electromagnetic waves in a cavity. When two conducting metal plates are placed parallel at the nodal planes, it creates a cavity where standing waves are formed. The cavity between the two planes is analogous to a stretched string held at the points x = 0 and x = L. Here, the distance 'L' between the two planes must be an integer multiple of half of the wavelength. The wavelengths that satisfy this condition are given by:
Spin–Spin Coupling: Two-Bond Coupling (Geminal Coupling)01:20

Spin–Spin Coupling: Two-Bond Coupling (Geminal Coupling)

Two NMR-active nuclei bonded to a central atom can be involved in geminal or two-bond coupling. Geminal coupling is commonly seen between diastereotopic protons in chiral molecules and unsymmetrical alkenes, among others.
The central atom need not be NMR-active because its electrons are affected by the electron polarization of the spin-active atoms. However, spin information is transmitted less effectively than in one-bond coupling, and 2J values are usually weaker than 1J values. The energy of...
¹H NMR: Long-Range Coupling01:27

¹H NMR: Long-Range Coupling

The coupling interactions of nuclei across four or more bonds are usually weak, with J values less than 1 Hz. While these are usually not observed in spectra, the presence of multiple bonds along the coupling pathway can result in observable long-range coupling.
In alkenes, spin information is communicated via σ–π overlap, as seen in allylic (four-bond) and homoallylic (five-bond) couplings. These coupling interactions are stronger when the σ bond is parallel to the alkene π orbitals.
Spin–Spin Coupling: Three-Bond Coupling (Vicinal Coupling)01:22

Spin–Spin Coupling: Three-Bond Coupling (Vicinal Coupling)

Vicinal or three-bond coupling is commonly observed between protons attached to adjacent carbons. Here, nuclear spin information is primarily transferred via electron spin interactions between adjacent C‑H bond orbitals. This generally favors the antiparallel arrangement of spins, so 3J values are usually positive.
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The Quantum-Mechanical Model of an Atom02:45

The Quantum-Mechanical Model of an Atom

Shortly after de Broglie published his ideas that the electron in a hydrogen atom could be better thought of as being a circular standing wave instead of a particle moving in quantized circular orbits, Erwin Schrödinger extended de Broglie’s work by deriving what is now known as the Schrödinger equation. When Schrödinger applied his equation to hydrogen-like atoms, he was able to reproduce Bohr’s expression for the energy and, thus, the Rydberg formula governing hydrogen spectra. Schrödinger...
NMR Spectroscopy: Spin–Spin Coupling01:08

NMR Spectroscopy: Spin–Spin Coupling

The spin state of an NMR-active nucleus can have a slight effect on its immediate electronic environment. This effect propagates through the intervening bonds and affects the electronic environments of NMR-active nuclei up to three bonds away; occasionally, even farther. This phenomenon is called spin–spin coupling or J-coupling. Coupling interactions are mutual and result in small changes in the absorption frequencies of both nuclei involved. While nuclei of the same element are involved in...

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Resonance Fluorescence of an InGaAs Quantum Dot in a Planar Cavity Using Orthogonal Excitation and Detection
12:57

Resonance Fluorescence of an InGaAs Quantum Dot in a Planar Cavity Using Orthogonal Excitation and Detection

Published on: October 13, 2017

Coupling quantum tunneling with cavity photons.

Peter Cristofolini1, Gabriel Christmann, Simeon I Tsintzos

  • 1NanoPhotonics Centre, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK.

Science (New York, N.Y.)
|April 12, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers created novel tunneling polaritons, which are light-matter quasiparticles with dipole moments. This breakthrough enables new possibilities for quantum phenomena and advanced photonic devices.

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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 23, 2026

Resonance Fluorescence of an InGaAs Quantum Dot in a Planar Cavity Using Orthogonal Excitation and Detection
12:57

Resonance Fluorescence of an InGaAs Quantum Dot in a Planar Cavity Using Orthogonal Excitation and Detection

Published on: October 13, 2017

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Area of Science:

  • Quantum physics
  • Condensed matter physics
  • Optics

Background:

  • Electron tunneling is crucial for chemical reactions, electronics, and devices.
  • Conventional tunneling control uses electric fields.
  • Light-matter microcavity polaritons can Bose-condense into superfluids.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore a new approach to control electron tunneling by creating bosonic quasiparticles.
  • To investigate the properties of tunneling polaritons with static dipole moments.
  • To connect the realms of polariton superfluids and Coulomb-bound electron-hole systems.

Main Methods:

  • Formation of tunneling polaritons by binding electrons into bosonic quasiparticles with a photonic component.
  • Engineering a three-state system to generate dark polaritons.
  • Utilizing microcavity polaritons and Coulomb-bound electron-hole interactions.

Main Results:

  • Successfully produced bosonic quasiparticles with static dipole moments (tunneling polaritons).
  • Demonstrated a three-state system exhibiting dark polaritons, analogous to those in atomic systems.
  • Established a connection between polariton superfluids and systems with strong dipole interactions.

Conclusions:

  • Tunneling polaritons offer a novel platform for controlling quantum phenomena.
  • The developed system opens avenues for electromagnetically induced transparency and room-temperature condensation.
  • Potential applications include adiabatic photon-to-electron transfer and advanced quantum devices.