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Chemical Reactions

Chemical Reactions

A chemical reaction is a process by which the bonds in the atoms of substances are rearranged to generate new substances. Matter cannot be created or destroyed in a chemical reaction—the same type and number of atoms that make up the reactants are still present in the products. Merely, the rearrangement of chemical bonds produces new compounds.
Chemical Reactions Rearrange Atoms into New Substances
A chemical reaction takes starting materials—the reactants—and changes them into different...

Chemical Reactions

Chemical Reactions

A balanced chemical equation provides the information of chemical formulas of the reactants and products involved in the chemical change. A reaction’s stoichiometry helps predict how much of the reactant is needed to produce the desired amount of product, or in some cases, how much product will be formed from a specific amount of the reactant.
The relative amounts of reactants and products represented in a balanced chemical equation are often referred to as stoichiometric amounts. However, in...

Introduction to Chemical Reactions

Introduction to Chemical Reactions

All chemical reactions begin with a reactant, the general term for one or more substances entering the reaction. Sodium and chloride ions, for example, are the reactants in the production of table salt. One or more substances produced by a chemical reaction are called the product. Chemical reactions follow the law of conservation of mass, which means that matter cannot be created nor destroyed in a chemical reaction. The components of the reactants—the number of atoms and the elements—are all...

Thermal and Photochemical Electrocyclic Reactions: Overview

Thermal and Photochemical Electrocyclic Reactions: Overview

Electrocyclic reactions are reversible reactions. They involve an intramolecular cyclization or ring-opening of a conjugated polyene. Shown below are two examples of electrocyclic reactions. In the first reaction, the formation of the cyclic product is favored. In contrast, in the second reaction, ring-opening is favored due to the high ring strain associated with cyclobutene formation.

Chemical Reactions in Aqueous Solutions

Chemical Reactions in Aqueous Solutions

Chemical substances interact in many different ways. Certain chemical reactions exhibit common patterns of reactivity. Due to the vast number of chemical reactions, it becomes necessary to classify them based on the observed patterns of interaction.

The Reaction Gibbs Energy

The Reaction Gibbs Energy

The reaction Gibbs energy (ΔrG) is a crucial parameter that determines whether a reaction will occur spontaneously or not. It can be used to categorize reactions into two types: exergonic and endergonic.Exergonic reactions are those in which ΔrG is less than zero. This implies that these reactions can occur spontaneously without an external input of energy. In biological systems, a typical example of an exergonic reaction is the oxidation of carbohydrates. This reaction produces simple...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 23, 2026

Using Graphene Liquid Cell Transmission Electron Microscopy to Study in Situ Nanocrystal Etching

Using Graphene Liquid Cell Transmission Electron Microscopy to Study in Situ Nanocrystal Etching

Published on: May 17, 2018

Visualizing chemical reactions confined under graphene.

Rentao Mu¹, Qiang Fu, Li Jin

¹State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, PR China.

Angewandte Chemie (International Ed. in English)

|April 12, 2012

Summary

Graphene acts as a protective layer, enabling visualization of interfacial reactions. Underneath, it confines chemistry, allowing specific reactions like oxygen and carbon monoxide interactions on a platinum surface.

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Area of Science:

Surface Science
Materials Science
Chemical Physics

Background:

Graphene's unique properties offer potential for advanced surface studies.
Understanding interfacial reactions is crucial for catalysis and materials development.
Visualizing reactions under protective layers presents significant challenges.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the use of graphene as an imaging agent for interfacial reactions.
To explore the confinement effect of graphene on molecular chemistry at an interface.
To study the reaction dynamics of carbon monoxide and oxygen at the graphene/Pt(111) interface.

Main Methods:

Utilizing graphene as a protective and imaging layer.
Employing a carbon monoxide (CO) atmosphere to study interfacial reactions.
Observing the behavior of intercalated molecules at the graphene/platinum(111) interface.

Main Results:

Graphene successfully visualized interfacial reactions occurring beneath it.
A strong confinement effect of graphene on the underlying molecular chemistry was observed.
Carbon monoxide penetrated the graphene/Pt(111) interface and reacted with oxygen.
Intercalated carbon monoxide desorbed from the platinum surface.

Conclusions:

Graphene serves as an effective imaging agent for interfacial reactions.
Graphene's confinement effect significantly influences surface chemistry.
The study elucidates reaction pathways at the protected graphene/Pt(111) interface.