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Related Concept Videos

Introduction to Cognitive Psychology01:20

Introduction to Cognitive Psychology

Cognitive psychology is the field of psychology dedicated to examining how people think. It attempts to explain how and why we think the way we do by studying the interactions among human thinking, emotion, creativity, language, and problem-solving, as well as other cognitive processes. Cognitive psychology studies how information is processed and manipulated in remembering, thinking, and knowing.
This field emerged in the mid-20th century, following a period dominated by behaviorism, which...
Cognitivism01:17

Cognitivism

Cognitive psychology emerged as a significant field in the mid-20th century. It focused on understanding humans' internal mental processes. This approach emphasizes how people perceive, remember, think, and solve problems—elements critical to human cognition.
Previously dominated by behaviorism, which prioritized observable behaviors and largely ignored mental processes, psychology transformed in the 1950s. Cognitive psychologists argue that understanding how we think and process information is...
Role of Cerebellum and Prefrontal Cortex in Memory01:14

Role of Cerebellum and Prefrontal Cortex in Memory

The cerebellum, while traditionally associated with motor control, also plays a crucial role in memory, particularly in procedural memory, which involves learning motor tasks that become automatic through repetition. For example, studies have shown that when the cerebellum is damaged, individuals or animals lose the ability to learn conditioned motor responses, such as the conditioned eye-blink response in classical conditioning experiments with rabbits. This study demonstrates the cerebellum's...
The Role of Ion Channels in Neuronal Computation01:19

The Role of Ion Channels in Neuronal Computation

A postsynaptic neuron usually receives numerous impulses from several other presynaptic neurons. The axon hillock of the postsynaptic neuron integrates all these signals and determines the likelihood of firing an action potential.
Sometimes a single EPSP is strong enough to induce an action potential in the postsynaptic neuron. However, multiple presynaptic inputs must often create EPSPs around the same time for the postsynaptic neuron to be sufficiently depolarized to fire an action potential.
Cognitive Learning01:21

Cognitive Learning

Cognitive learning is based on purposive behavior, incidental learning, and insight learning.
E. C. Tolman's theory of purposive behavior emphasizes that much behavior is goal-directed. He argued that to understand behavior, we must look at the entire sequence of actions leading to a goal. For instance, high school students study hard, not just due to past reinforcement but also to achieve the goal of getting into a good college.
Tolman introduced the idea that behavior is influenced by...
Storage01:23

Storage

A schema is a mental framework that helps individuals organize and interpret information. Schemata, formed from previous experiences, influence how we process new information: how we encode it, the inferences we make, and how we retrieve it. For instance, a schema for what a typical classroom looks like might include desks, a teacher's desk, a whiteboard, and students in such an environment. This expectation helps us quickly understand and navigate new classrooms without needing to analyze each...

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Updated: May 23, 2026

Automated, Quantitative Cognitive/Behavioral Screening of Mice: For Genetics, Pharmacology, Animal Cognition and Undergraduate Instruction
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Metacognition: computation, biology and function.

Stephen M Fleming1, Raymond J Dolan, Christopher D Frith

  • 1Center for Neural Science, New York University, 6 Washington Place, New York, NY 10003, USA. fleming.sm@gmail.com

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences
|April 12, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Metacognition, the brain's self-monitoring system, is explored across neuroscience, psychology, and AI. This review integrates findings to define, measure, and understand metacognition's functions and link it to consciousness.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Computer Science
  • Philosophy of Mind

Background:

  • Metacognition involves self-reflective monitoring and control processes observed in complex systems, particularly animals.
  • This article introduces a Theme Issue on metacognition, synthesizing recent advancements across multiple disciplines.
  • It addresses the definition, measurement, neurobiology, and functional roles of metacognition.

Discussion:

  • The review highlights interdisciplinary connections and identifies areas requiring further integration.
  • It examines the intricate relationship between metacognition and consciousness.
  • A proposed framework utilizes orthogonal dimensions: level of representation, order of behavior, and access consciousness.

Key Insights:

  • Metacognition is a crucial mechanism for self-regulation and adaptive behavior.
  • Understanding metacognition requires an interdisciplinary approach, integrating insights from diverse fields.
  • The proposed framework offers a novel way to conceptualize metacognition's multifaceted nature.

Outlook:

  • Future research should focus on refining metacognition measurement techniques.
  • Further exploration is needed to fully elucidate the neurobiological underpinnings of metacognition.
  • Investigating the interplay between metacognition and consciousness will be vital for advancing cognitive science.