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Related Concept Videos

Lymphatic Vessels and Lymph Transport01:16

Lymphatic Vessels and Lymph Transport

Lymphatic vessels, known as lymphatics, are crucial in transporting lymph from peripheral tissues to our venous system. This process begins with lymph entering through tiny capillaries that branch through tissues. These capillaries have unique features such as larger diameters, thinner walls, and a distinctive one-way valve system formed by overlapping endothelial cells.
This one-way system allows fluids, solutes, and even pathogens to enter but prevents their return to the intercellular spaces.
Development of the Lymphatic System01:15

Development of the Lymphatic System

The development of lymphatic tissues and vessels in embryonic life begins around the fifth week. These structures originate from the mesoderm layer, with lymph sacs emerging from developing veins.
The first lymph sacs to form are the paired jugular lymph sacs located at the junction of the internal jugular and subclavian veins. From these sacs, lymphatic capillary plexuses extend to the thorax, upper limbs, neck, and head, eventually forming lymphatic vessels. Each jugular lymph sac maintains a...
Assessment of the Cardiovascular System III: Palpation01:27

Assessment of the Cardiovascular System III: Palpation

Palpation involves feeling the body to evaluate texture, size, consistency, and tenderness for assessing cardiovascular health. The following steps are organized in a head-to-toe order:
Jugular Venous Pressure (JVP) Measurement
Position the patient at a thirty- to forty-five-degree angle or in a semi-fowler's position. Look for the highest point of pulsation in the internal jugular vein and measure the vertical distance to the angle of Loius or sternal angle. A normal JVP is 3-4 cm above the...
Fluid Connective Tissues: Blood and Lymph01:20

Fluid Connective Tissues: Blood and Lymph

Blood and lymph are fluid connective tissues. They contain cells, also known as formed elements, circulating in a liquid extracellular matrix, the plasma. The formed elements are derived from hematopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow. Blood and lymph connect all vital parts and carry nutrients, oxygen, and other essential molecules like antibodies.
Blood
The blood flows through blood vessels— arteries, capillaries, and veins. Blood plasma is primarily made of proteins, solutes, and water.
Peripheral Artery Disease V: Postoperative Nursing Management01:23

Peripheral Artery Disease V: Postoperative Nursing Management

During the postoperative period, it is crucial to focus on maintaining circulation, identifying and managing potential complications, and planning for discharge.Nursing AssessmentVital signs monitoring: Regularly monitor vital signs, including blood pressure, heart rate, respiratory rate, and temperature, to detect early signs of complications such as bleeding and infection.Circulation assessment: Monitor pulses, perform Doppler assessments, and check capillary refill, color, temperature, and...
Varicose Veins II: Diagnostic Studies and Interprofessional Care01:26

Varicose Veins II: Diagnostic Studies and Interprofessional Care

Varicose veins, or varicosities, develop when the valves in the veins, which control blood flow, weaken or damage. It causes blood to pool and the veins to enlarge. Understanding the clinical manifestations, diagnostic approaches, and management options for varicose veins is crucial for effective treatment and relief.Clinical manifestationsClinical manifestations of varicose veins include a heavy, achy feeling or pain after prolonged standing or sitting. This discomfort can often be relieved by...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 23, 2026

Isolation of Human Lymphatic Endothelial Cells by Multi-parameter Fluorescence-activated Cell Sorting
07:36

Isolation of Human Lymphatic Endothelial Cells by Multi-parameter Fluorescence-activated Cell Sorting

Published on: May 1, 2015

Peripheral lymphovenous communication in lymphoedema.

Gregory Francis William Stamp1, Adrien Michael Peters

  • 1Brighton and Sussex Medical School, UK.

Nuclear Medicine Communications
|April 13, 2012
PubMed
Summary

In lower extremity lymphoedema, lymph proteins bypass the thoracic duct and enter the bloodstream directly. This suggests lymphatic access to the blood may occur within lymph nodes themselves.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 23, 2026

Isolation of Human Lymphatic Endothelial Cells by Multi-parameter Fluorescence-activated Cell Sorting
07:36

Isolation of Human Lymphatic Endothelial Cells by Multi-parameter Fluorescence-activated Cell Sorting

Published on: May 1, 2015

Area of Science:

  • Medical Imaging
  • Lymphatic System Physiology
  • Clinical Diagnostics

Background:

  • Lower extremity lymphoedema is a chronic condition characterized by fluid accumulation.
  • The conventional understanding is that lymphatics drain into the thoracic duct before entering circulation.
  • Alternative pathways for lymphatic protein entry into the bloodstream require investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine if lymph proteins enter the bloodstream before reaching the thoracic duct in patients with lower extremity lymphoedema.
  • To investigate the kinetics of lymphatic protein transport in lymphoedema.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective analysis of lymphoscintigraphy in 69 adults with lower extremity lymphoedema.
  • Tc-nanocolloid injection into foot web spaces, with imaging at 5, 45, and 150 minutes.
  • Quantification of radiotracer uptake in lymph nodes and liver to assess lymphatic drainage pathways.

Main Results:

  • Patients with abnormal lymphoscintigraphy showed a significantly higher ratio of liver to lymph node radiotracer uptake (L/N ratio).
  • A higher lymphoscintigraphic abnormality score correlated with increased 150-minute L/N ratios in affected limbs.
  • Lymph node activity as a percentage of 150-minute activity was higher than liver activity in both normal and lymphoedema groups, suggesting early lymphatic-to-blood access.

Conclusions:

  • Lymphatic proteins enter the bloodstream proximal to the thoracic duct in lymphoedema.
  • The timing of radiotracer activity in lymph nodes and the liver suggests that lymphatic access to the blood may occur within the lymph nodes themselves.