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Bones of the Lower Limb: Femur and Patella

Bones of the Lower Limb: Femur and Patella

The femur is the body's longest and strongest bone spanning the thigh region. Its head articulates with the acetabulum of the hip bone to form the hip joint. A minor indentation on the medial side of the femoral head, called the fovea capitis, serves as the site of attachment for the ligament of the head of the femur. This weak ligament spans the femur and acetabulum and supports the hip joint. The narrowed region below the head is the neck of the femur. The inclination angle between the neck...

Bones of the Upper Limb: Humerus

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The upper limb consists of the arm, forearm, wrist, and hand bones. The humerus is the single bone of the upper arm region. Proximally, it has a large, spherical, smooth head that articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapula to form the glenohumeral or shoulder joint. The margin of the head is the anatomical neck, a residual epiphyseal plate. Laterally it extends to form bony projections called the greater tubercle and the lesser tubercle. Next to the tubercles is the surgical neck, a...

Bones of the Lower Limb: Tibia and Fibula

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The tibia is the main weight-bearing bone of the lower leg. It is larger than the fibula with which it is paired. The tibia is also the second longest bone in the body and is located right below the skin. The proximal end of the tibia forms the medial and the lateral condyle, which articulates with the condyles of the femur to form the knee joint. Between the articulating surfaces is the irregular elevated area known as the intercondylar eminence that serves as the inferior attachment point for...

Knee Joint

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The knee joint is the most complicated joint in the body. It consists of three articulations– two tibiofemoral and one patellofemoral. As is characteristic of synovial joints, the knee joint has a thin articular capsule that partially surrounds this joint cavity. Additionally, several ligaments, muscles, and cartilaginous structures support the movement of the knee.
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Axial and Appendicular Muscles

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Skeletal muscles, the key players in our body's movement, can be classified into two groups based on their location and function: axial muscles and appendicular muscles. These classifications reflect the primary roles the muscles play in the body's structure and movement.
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In anatomy, several standard anatomical positions are used as references for describing the position and orientation of different body parts. These positions help provide a common frame of reference when discussing anatomical structures. The anatomical position is the standard reference point for describing the body's position and orientation. In this position:
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 23, 2026

In Vivo Quantification of Hip Arthrokinematics during Dynamic Weight-bearing Activities using Dual Fluoroscopy

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Published on: July 2, 2021

Cam morphology in the human hip.

Vincent Y Ng¹, Thomas J Ellis

¹Department of Orthopaedics, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio 43221, USA.

|April 13, 2012

Summary

This study introduces a new classification for cam morphology, a complex hip condition. It reviews historical, biomechanical, and genetic factors influencing this important area of femoroacetabular impingement research.

Area of Science:

Orthopedic Surgery
Human Anatomy
Biomechanical Engineering

Background:

Femoroacetabular impingement (FAI) diagnosis and treatment are gaining attention.
Cam morphology, a key feature of FAI, is located in a complex anatomical region.
Understanding its development and function is crucial for clinical practice.

Purpose of the Study:

To introduce a novel classification scheme for cam morphology.
To provide a comprehensive review of factors influencing cam morphology.
To enhance understanding of femoroacetabular impingement.

Main Methods:

Literature review encompassing historical, anthropological, and genetic factors.
Analysis of biomechanical principles related to proximal femur topography.

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Development of a new classification system for cam morphology.

Main Results:

Cam morphology is a complex topographical aberration with significant developmental, kinematic, and biomechanical implications.
A new classification scheme for cam morphology has been proposed.
Historical, anthropological, biomechanical, and genetic factors are integral to understanding cam morphology.

Conclusions:

The proposed classification scheme offers a structured approach to understanding cam morphology.
A multidisciplinary review highlights the complexity of cam morphology in femoroacetabular impingement.
Further research into the proposed classification and contributing factors is warranted.