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Related Concept Videos

Structural Classification of Joints01:20

Structural Classification of Joints

Joints, also known as articulations, are classified based on their structural characteristics, i.e., based on whether the articulating surfaces of the adjacent bones are directly connected by fibrous connective tissue or cartilage, or whether the articulating surfaces contact each other within a fluid-filled joint cavity. These differences serve to divide the joints of the body into three structural classifications.
A fibrous joint is where the adjacent bones are united by fibrous connective...
Hierarchy of Motor Control01:18

Hierarchy of Motor Control

The hierarchy of motor control refers to the different levels of organization and processing involved in controlling movement in the body. These levels range from higher cortical areas involved in planning and decision-making to lower spinal cord reflexes that respond automatically to external stimuli.
Mechanistic Models: Overview of Compartment Models01:21

Mechanistic Models: Overview of Compartment Models

Mechanistic models, a category encompassing both physiological and compartmental modeling, differ from empirical models' approaches to incorporating known factors about the systems being modeled. Empirical models describe data with minimal assumptions, while mechanistic models aim to provide a robust description of available data by specifying assumptions and integrating known factors about the system. Compartmental analysis is a key example of a mechanistic model in pharmacokinetics and...
Schemata01:17

Schemata

A schema is a mental construct that organizes related concepts, allowing the brain to process information efficiently. Upon activation, schemata facilitate assumptions about people or objects.
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Functional Classification of Joints01:09

Functional Classification of Joints

Functional Classification of Joints
The functional classification of joints is determined by the amount of mobility between the adjacent bones. Joints are functionally classified as a synarthrosis or immobile joint, an amphiarthrosis or slightly moveable joint, or as a diarthrosis, a freely moveable joint. Fibrous and cartilaginous joints can be functionally classified as either synarthroses  or amphiarthroses, whereas all synovial joints are classified as diarthroses.
Synarthrosis
An immobile...
Levels of Organization01:09

Levels of Organization

Biological organization is the classification of biological structures, ranging from atoms at the bottom of the hierarchy to the Earth's biosphere. Each level of the hierarchy represents an increase in complexity that builds upon the previous level.
Molecules Are Composed of Atoms, and Biomolecules Are Assembled from Molecules:
The most basic levels include atoms, molecules, and biomolecules. Atoms, the smallest unit of ordinary matter, are composed of a nucleus and electrons. Molecules...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 23, 2026

Standardized Modular Assembly of Polycistronic Operons with Modular Cloning (MoClo) using the In-Cloning toolkit
06:28

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Published on: September 2, 2025

Functional annotation of hierarchical modularity.

Kanchana Padmanabhan1, Kuangyu Wang, Nagiza F Samatova

  • 1Department of Computer Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America.

Plos One
|April 13, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Biological network motifs form functional modules organized hierarchically. This study introduces a novel hierarchical functional annotation method to score module coherence, improving biological system analysis.

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Area of Science:

  • Systems Biology
  • Bioinformatics
  • Computational Biology

Background:

  • Biological networks exhibit hierarchical modularity, a key principle in cellular organization.
  • Existing functional annotation systems often overlook hierarchical modularity, limiting the accurate assessment of biologically relevant molecular machines.
  • This limitation results in failure to assign statistically significant functional coherence scores to important biological modules.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a novel methodology for hierarchical functional annotation of biological networks.
  • To introduce a Hierarchical Modularity Score (HMS) for quantifying functional coherence within hierarchical modules.
  • To address the limitations of existing methods in assigning statistically significant functional coherence to biologically relevant molecular machines.

Main Methods:

  • Developed a hierarchical functional annotation methodology utilizing Gene Ontology (GO) and associated gene/protein data.
  • Implemented a Hierarchical Modularity Score (HMS) and p-value to measure functional coherence at each level of the hierarchy.
  • Integrated functional taxonomy information to automatically build hierarchies, accommodating multi-functional genes and ensuring functional specificity.

Main Results:

  • The developed method assigns a Hierarchical Modularity Score (HMS) and p-value to each node in the functional hierarchy, measuring module coherence.
  • The methodology successfully provides hierarchical functional annotation for modules and their components, complementing existing enrichment methods.
  • Evaluation using Saccharomyces cerevisiae data from KEGG and MIPS databases demonstrated the method's effectiveness.

Conclusions:

  • Hierarchical modularity is an essential design principle in cellular organization and function.
  • The novel hierarchical functional annotation method accurately scores module coherence and improves the analysis of biological networks.
  • This approach offers a more comprehensive understanding of system-level cellular organization by explicitly considering hierarchical modularity.