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Related Concept Videos

Fractures: Bone Repair01:27

Fractures: Bone Repair

Treatment for a fracture is based on the type of break, the bone affected, and the patient's age.
Minor fractures with no bone displacement are treated by immobilizing the fractured bone using a cast or splint. However, in the case of fractures with displaced bones, the broken bones are repositioned before immobilization to ensure successful healing without deformation and loss of function. The realignment of fractured bone ends is performed through a process called reduction. If the procedure...
Cranial Bones: Lateral View01:27

Cranial Bones: Lateral View

The lateral view of the cranium is dominated by temporal, sphenoid, and ethmoid bones.
The temporal bone forms the lower lateral side of the skull. The temporal bone is subdivided into several regions. The flattened upper portion is the squamous portion of the temporal bone. Below this area and projecting anteriorly is the zygomatic process of the temporal bone, which forms the posterior portion of the zygomatic arch. Posteriorly is the mastoid portion of the temporal bone. Projecting...
Cranial Bones: Superior and Posterior View01:14

Cranial Bones: Superior and Posterior View

The superior view of the cranium shows the frontal and paired parietal bones.
The frontal bone is the single bone that forms the forehead. At its anterior midline, between the eyebrows, there is a slight depression called the glabella. The frontal bone also forms the supraorbital margin of the orbit. Near the middle of this margin is the supraorbital foramen, the opening that provides passage for a sensory nerve to the forehead. The frontal bone is thickened just above each supraorbital margin,...
Sutures of the Skull01:22

Sutures of the Skull

The human skull is composed of several bones that come together to protect the brain and support the structures of the face. The junctions where these bones meet are called sutures.
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Bone Formation by Intramembranous Ossification01:29

Bone Formation by Intramembranous Ossification

Intramembranous ossification is one of the two processes involved in the development of bones within an embryo. The flat bones of the face, most of the cranial bones, and the clavicles are formed via this process. During intramembranous ossification, the bones develop directly from sheets of undifferentiated mesenchymal connective tissue.
The process begins when mesenchymal cells in the embryonic skeleton gather together and differentiate into osteogenic cells, which then develop into...
Bone Disorders01:29

Bone Disorders

Aging and its effect on bone remodeling is the most common cause of bone disorders. In young and healthy people, bone deposition and resorption happen at an equal rate to maintain optimal bone health.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 23, 2026

Three-Dimensional Reconstruction of Orbital Fractures
08:18

Three-Dimensional Reconstruction of Orbital Fractures

Published on: May 16, 2025

Orbital fractures in children.

Alistair R M Cobb1, N Owase Jeelani, Peter R Ayliffe

  • 1Craniofacial Centre, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, Great Ormond Street, London, UK. alicobb@yahoo.com

The British Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery
|April 14, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Pediatric orbital fractures differ from adult presentations due to craniofacial development. Conservative surgical approaches are recommended, with urgent intervention for entrapped orbital muscles to prevent permanent changes.

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Three-Dimensional Reconstruction of Orbital Fractures
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Published on: December 5, 2025

Area of Science:

  • Pediatric craniofacial surgery
  • Ophthalmology
  • Trauma surgery

Background:

  • Pediatric orbital fractures present unique challenges compared to adults due to developmental differences in the craniofacial skeleton and paranasal sinuses.
  • Facial growth disturbances can result from both the initial injury and subsequent surgical interventions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To outline an approach for managing pediatric orbital floor fractures.
  • To emphasize the importance of conservative surgical management in children.
  • To highlight the necessity of urgent surgical intervention in specific cases.

Main Methods:

  • Review of pediatric orbital fracture cases.
  • Discussion of anatomical and developmental considerations in pediatric orbital trauma.
  • Presentation of a surgical strategy for orbital floor fractures with muscle entrapment.

Main Results:

  • Pediatric orbital fractures require tailored management strategies.
  • Conservative surgical techniques minimize disruption to facial growth.
  • Prompt surgical release of entrapped orbital muscles is crucial to avoid irreversible sequelae.

Conclusions:

  • Management of pediatric orbital fractures must account for ongoing facial development.
  • Surgical intervention should be conservative whenever possible.
  • Urgent surgical repair is indicated for orbital floor fractures with muscle entrapment to preserve function and prevent long-term complications.