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Related Concept Videos

Hepatitis01:25

Hepatitis

Hepatitis is an inflammatory condition of the liver most commonly caused by hepatotropic viruses (A–E), though non-infectious causes such as alcohol and drugs also exist.Hepatitis AHepatitis A virus (HAV) is a non-enveloped RNA virus of the Picornaviridae family. It is primarily transmitted via the fecal-oral route, typically through ingestion of contaminated food or water. After ingestion, HAV enters the bloodstream through the oropharynx or intestinal epithelium and reaches the liver. The...
Viral Hepatitis I: Introduction01:28

Viral Hepatitis I: Introduction

Viral hepatitis is an inflammatory condition of the liver caused by infection with hepatotropic viruses, most commonly hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E. Despite variations in structure and transmission, all viruses mentioned infect hepatocytes and provoke immune responses that can hinder liver function. Additionally, some non-hepatotropic viruses can also lead to hepatic inflammation.Hepatitis A VirusHepatitis A virus (HAV) is transmitted through the fecal–oral route, typically by ingestion of food...
Hepatic Encephalopathy01:29

Hepatic Encephalopathy

DefinitionHepatic encephalopathy is a reversible neurologic syndrome that results from advanced liver dysfunction or portosystemic shunting. It leads to disturbances in cognition, behavior, and motor function due to the brain’s exposure to gut-derived toxins that the liver fails to detoxify.EtiologyThis condition develops either in the setting of acute fulminant hepatitis or progressively during chronic liver disease, such as cirrhosis and portal hypertension. Portosystemic shunting—including...
Arboviral Encephalitis01:25

Arboviral Encephalitis

Arboviral encephalitis refers to brain inflammation caused by arthropod-borne viruses, particularly those transmitted through mosquito vectors. Among these, West Nile virus (WNV), a member of the Flaviviridae family, is a significant public health concern. WNV is an enveloped, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA virus. Human infection typically begins when an infected mosquito introduces the virus into the dermis during feeding. The primary transmission cycle involves birds as amplifying hosts...
Cytomegalovirus Disease01:27

Cytomegalovirus Disease

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) disease is caused by human cytomegalovirus, a double-stranded DNA virus of the Herpesviridae family. While primary CMV infection is often asymptomatic in immunocompetent individuals, the virus can cause severe disease in neonates and immunocompromised patients. CMV is the most common cause of congenital viral infection in the United States, and a major pathogen in solid organ and hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients.CMV is transmitted via bodily fluids, sexual...
Encephalitis ll: Pathophysiology01:26

Encephalitis ll: Pathophysiology

Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma caused by direct viral invasion or immune-mediated mechanisms triggered by infections or tumors. Both processes lead to neuronal injury, disrupted neurotransmission, and diverse neurological symptoms, often with overlapping clinical and pathological features.Autoimmune EncephalitisIn autoimmune encephalitis, antibodies target neuronal antigens on cell surfaces, synapses, or within neurons. A key example is anti-NMDAR encephalitis, which can...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 23, 2026

Intracerebroventricular and Intravascular Injection of Viral Particles and Fluorescent Microbeads into the Neonatal Brain
05:51

Intracerebroventricular and Intravascular Injection of Viral Particles and Fluorescent Microbeads into the Neonatal Brain

Published on: July 24, 2016

Hepatitis C virus and the brain.

N F Fletcher1, J A McKeating

  • 1Hepatitis C Research Group, Institute for Biomedical Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK. n.fletcher@bham.ac.uk

Journal of Viral Hepatitis
|April 14, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infects the central nervous system (CNS), causing symptoms independent of liver disease severity. Viral evolution may occur separately in the brain and liver.

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Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Hepatology
  • Neuroscience

Background:

  • Hepatitis C virus (HCV) causes liver disease and extrahepatic symptoms like cognitive dysfunction and fatigue.
  • These symptoms are not linked to liver disease severity or hepatic encephalopathy.
  • HCV RNA presence in CNS tissue suggests direct viral involvement.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review evidence supporting Hepatitis C virus CNS infection.
  • To understand the role of CNS viral activity in HCV pathogenesis.
  • To explore independent viral evolution in the brain and liver.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies investigating HCV in CNS tissue.
  • Analysis of viral sequence diversity between liver and brain samples.
  • Synthesis of current understanding of HCV pathogenesis.

Main Results:

  • Evidence supports the presence of Hepatitis C virus within the central nervous system.
  • Viral sequences in the brain can differ from those in the liver.
  • This suggests independent viral replication and evolution within the CNS.

Conclusions:

  • Hepatitis C virus can infect the central nervous system.
  • CNS involvement contributes to extrahepatic manifestations of HCV.
  • Understanding CNS viral dynamics is crucial for HCV pathogenesis research.