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Related Concept Videos

Histone Modification02:32

Histone Modification

The histone proteins have a flexible N-terminal tail extending out from the nucleosome. These histone tails are often subjected to post-translational modifications such as acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination. Particular combinations of these modifications form “histone codes” that influence the chromatin folding and tissue-specific gene expression.
Acetylation
The enzyme histone acetyltransferase adds acetyl group to the histones. Another enzyme, histone deacetylase,...
Histone Variants at the Centromere02:30

Histone Variants at the Centromere

Histone variants are the histone proteins with structural and sequence variations. These variants may be regarded as “mutant” forms that replace their canonical histone counterparts in the nucleosomes. Specific post-translational modifications on the histone variants enable further chromatin complexity and regulate tissue-specific gene expression. The most common histone variants are from histone H2A, H2B, and linker histone H1 families. However, several variants of histone H3 variants are also...
Euchromatin01:01

Euchromatin

The extent of chromatin compaction can be studied by staining chromatin using specific DNA binding dyes. Under the microscope, the dense-compacted regions take up more dye, appearing darker, while the less-compact areas take up less dye and appear lighter. Based on the compaction level, chromatins are classified into two primary forms – euchromatin and heterochromatin.
Euchromatin is the less dense region of the chromatin and stains lighter. Euchromatin contains histone H3 extensively...
Heterochromatin02:38

Heterochromatin

The extent of chromatin compaction can be studied by staining chromatin using specific DNA binding dyes. Under the microscope, the dense-compacted regions that take up more dye are called heterochromatin. Heterochromatin is further classified into two forms – constitutive heterochromatin and facultative heterochromatin.
Constitutive heterochromatin: It is a highly compact region of chromatin that is mostly concentrated in the centromere and telomere. Unlike euchromatin, the amino acid at 9th...
Histone Modification02:32

Histone Modification

The histone proteins have a flexible N-terminal tail extending out from the nucleosome. These histone tails are often subjected to post-translational modifications such as acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination. Particular combinations of these modifications form “histone codes” that influence the chromatin folding and tissue-specific gene expression.
Acetylation
The enzyme histone acetyltransferase adds acetyl group to the histones. Another enzyme, histone deacetylase,...
The Nucleosome01:19

The Nucleosome

Human DNA is almost two meters long. However, it is compressed inside a tiny nucleus measuring only a few microns in diameter. To make this degree of compaction possible, DNA is organized into several sequential levels so that it can fit into such a tiny space. The most compact form of DNA is a chromosome that can be seen under a microscope in a dividing cell.
In a chromosome, DNA is wound twice around a protein complex called a histone octamer core, which consists of 8 histone proteins. This...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 10, 2026

Expression Analysis of Mammalian Linker-histone Subtypes
14:40

Expression Analysis of Mammalian Linker-histone Subtypes

Published on: March 19, 2012

Structure of a mouse histone-encoding gene cluster.

A Gruber1, A Streit, M Reist

  • 1Abteilung für Entwicklungsbiologie, Zoologisches Institut der Universität Bern, Switzerland.

Gene
|November 15, 1990
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study details mouse chromosome 13, identifying seven histone (H)-encoding genes within a 32-kb region. Researchers determined the nucleotide sequences and transcription start points for H2A.1 and H3.2 genes.

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Area of Science:

  • Genomics
  • Molecular Biology
  • Gene Expression

Background:

  • Histone genes are crucial for DNA packaging and regulation.
  • Previous studies identified some mouse histone genes, but a comprehensive analysis of specific genomic regions was lacking.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To characterize a 32-kb region of mouse chromosome 13 containing multiple histone (H)-encoding genes.
  • To determine the nucleotide sequences and transcription start points of specific H2A and H3 genes.

Main Methods:

  • Genomic DNA cloning and sequencing.
  • Analysis of overlapping DNA clones (clone 53 and MH143).
  • Identification and characterization of histone gene loci.

Main Results:

  • A 32-kb region on mouse chromosome 13 was defined, containing a total of seven histone (H)-encoding genes.
  • Clone 53 contains H4, two H3, one H2A (partially deleted), and one H2B gene.
  • Nucleotide sequences and transcription start points for H2A.1 and H3.2 genes were determined.

Conclusions:

  • The identified 32-kb region represents a densely packed cluster of histone genes.
  • Detailed sequence information for H2A.1 and H3.2 provides a foundation for further functional studies.