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Related Concept Videos

Diabetes Mellitus: Type 2 and Gestational01:22

Diabetes Mellitus: Type 2 and Gestational

Type 2 diabetes, characterized by insulin resistance, arises when the insulin receptors on cells lose responsiveness to insulin, diminishing the cell's capacity to take up glucose, resulting in elevated blood glucose levels. To receive a diagnosis of Type 2 diabetes, a series of blood glucose tests are necessary to assess whether the blood glucose falls within normal parameters. If the result is out of the normal range, a patient may be diagnosed as prediabetic or diabetic, depending on the...
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Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by insulin resistance, in which target tissues such as the liver, muscle, and adipose tissue respond poorly to insulin. It is also associated with inadequate compensatory insulin secretion, where pancreatic β-cells fail to produce sufficient insulin. Together, these abnormalities lead to persistent hyperglycemia.EtiologyT2DM develops through a complex interaction of genetic predisposition and environmental or...
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Type II Diabetes Mellitus III: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnosis

Type 2 diabetes mellitus develops gradually and is often asymptomatic in early stages.Clinical ManifestationsWhen symptoms appear, they include fatigue, blurred vision, pruritus, delayed wound healing, and recurrent infections, particularly candidal infections. Peripheral neuropathy may present as numbness or tingling in the extremities. Classic hyperglycemia symptoms—polyuria, polydipsia, and polyphagia—are less common. Most patients are overweight and frequently have associated hypertension...
Type II Diabetes II: Pathophysiology01:24

Type II Diabetes II: Pathophysiology

PathophysiologyType 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM ) is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by insulin resistance and progressive pancreatic β-cell dysfunction, leading to impaired glucose homeostasis. It results from interactions among genetic predisposition, environmental factors, and metabolic stressors, such as overnutrition and a sedentary lifestyle.Insulin Resistance and Glucose DysregulationEarly T2DM involves insulin resistance in skeletal muscle, adipose tissue, and the liver.
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Type 1 diabetes mellitus arises from an immune-mediated destruction of pancreatic β-cells, resulting in an absolute deficiency of insulin. This process develops in genetically susceptible individuals when autoimmunity, environmental exposures, and immunologic dysregulation converge to trigger a targeted attack on the insulin-producing cells of the pancreas. The β-cells are located within the islets of Langerhans and are essential for regulating blood glucose by facilitating cellular uptake of...

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Generation of High Quality Chromatin Immunoprecipitation DNA Template for High-throughput Sequencing (ChIP-seq)
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Published on: April 19, 2013

Is genetic testing useful to predict type 2 diabetes?

Jason L Vassy1, James B Meigs

  • 1General Medicine Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, 02114, USA. jvassy@partners.org

Best Practice & Research. Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism
|April 14, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Early identification of type 2 diabetes (T2D) risk is key for prevention. While genetic variants improve T2D prediction, they currently lack clinical discrimination beyond standard measurements.

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Area of Science:

  • Genetics
  • Endocrinology
  • Preventive Medicine

Background:

  • Type 2 Diabetes (T2D) risk prediction is crucial for early intervention.
  • Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified numerous genetic variants associated with T2D.
  • Current T2D risk predictors include family history, obesity, and fasting plasma glucose levels.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the clinical utility of genetic variants in predicting type 2 diabetes (T2D) risk.
  • To assess the current predictive performance of genetic testing compared to established clinical measurements.
  • To identify future research directions for improving genetic risk prediction of T2D.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent genome-wide association studies (GWAS) identifying T2D genetic variants.
  • Comparison of predictive performance of genetic risk scores versus common clinical measurements.
  • Analysis of potential improvements from expanded GWAS in diverse populations and longitudinal studies.

Main Results:

  • Over 40 new genetic variants associated with T2D have been identified.
  • These genetic variants, individually or in risk scores, do not yet surpass the clinical discrimination of common clinical measurements.
  • Current genetic testing is not recommended for routine T2D risk prediction in adults.

Conclusions:

  • Genetic information alone does not currently offer superior clinical discrimination for T2D risk prediction.
  • Future research focusing on diverse populations and longer prediction horizons may enhance the role of genetics.
  • Further advancements are needed before genetic testing can be clinically recommended for T2D risk assessment.