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Related Concept Videos

Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction01:25

Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction

Hyperthyroidism is a type of thyrotoxicosis characterized by the thyroid gland's overproduction of the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). This hormone excess increases the basal metabolic rate and enhances sensitivity to catecholamines.DiagnosisDiagnosis is based on clinical features and biochemical testing. It typically shows suppressed thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels below 0.4 mIU/L, with elevated free T3 and/or T4. Additional tests, including thyroid...
Graves' Disease I: Introduction01:28

Graves' Disease I: Introduction

Graves' disease is an autoimmune disorder that causes hyperthyroidism, or overactivity of the thyroid gland. It results from autoantibodies called thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSIs), which bind to thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) receptors, leading to overstimulation of hormone production and a hypermetabolic state.EtiologyAlthough considered idiopathic, Graves’ disease has well-established contributing factors. There is a strong genetic component, with increased prevalence in...
Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:27

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH receptors...
Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:23

Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hypothyroidism is a disorder characterized by insufficient production of thyroid hormones, which regulate metabolism, energy balance, and multiple organ systems.TypesHypothyroidism is classified based on the level of dysfunction. Primary hypothyroidism results from intrinsic thyroid gland dysfunction, causing reduced hormone production despite normal or increased stimulation. Secondary hypothyroidism arises from inadequate thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) secretion by the pituitary. Tertiary...
Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology01:24

Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology

Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disorder characterized by the production of thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSI) that activate TSH receptors, leading to excessive synthesis and release of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) and resulting in hyperthyroidism.Among all causes of hyperthyroidism, Graves’ disease is the most common and can happen at any age, though it is more frequent in women. It produces a hypermetabolic state with features such as weight loss, tachycardia, tremor, and heat...
The Thyroid Gland01:23

The Thyroid Gland

The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
The follicles have a central cavity lined by simple cuboidal to squamous epithelial cells called follicular cells. These cells produce the glycoprotein...

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Related Experiment Video

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Generation of a Mouse Spontaneous Autoimmune Thyroiditis Model
04:39

Generation of a Mouse Spontaneous Autoimmune Thyroiditis Model

Published on: March 17, 2023

Hashimoto thyroiditis: a century later.

Rania Ahmed1, Safa Al-Shaikh, Mohammed Akhtar

  • 1Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

Advances in Anatomic Pathology
|April 14, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Hashimoto thyroiditis (HT) is an autoimmune disorder resulting from immune system dysfunction, genetic, and environmental factors. Research explores its variants, associations with other conditions like papillary thyroid carcinoma, and thyroid lymphoma.

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Last Updated: May 23, 2026

Generation of a Mouse Spontaneous Autoimmune Thyroiditis Model
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Synchronous Triplanar Reconstruction Integrated with Color Doppler Mapping for Precise and Rapid Localization of Thyroid Lesions
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Preparation of Mouse Pituitary Immunogen for the Induction of Experimental Autoimmune Hypophysitis
10:52

Preparation of Mouse Pituitary Immunogen for the Induction of Experimental Autoimmune Hypophysitis

Published on: December 17, 2010

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Endocrinology
  • Pathology

Background:

  • Hashimoto thyroiditis (HT) is an autoimmune disease characterized by immune system breakdown.
  • It arises from a complex interplay of immunologic, genetic, and environmental factors.
  • Thyrocyte injury leads to the expression of novel epitopes, triggering autoreactive T and B cell proliferation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive overview of Hashimoto thyroiditis.
  • To discuss its variants, including immunoglobulin G4-related HT and Riedel thyroiditis.
  • To examine the associations between HT and other thyroid conditions, such as papillary thyroid carcinoma and thyroid lymphoma.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on Hashimoto thyroiditis.
  • Analysis of clinicopathologic features and immunologic mechanisms.
  • Examination of epidemiological data regarding associations with other diseases.

Main Results:

  • HT involves immune tolerance breakdown, leading to thyroid infiltration by autoreactive cells.
  • Recognized variants include fibrous HT, Riedel thyroiditis, and immunoglobulin G4-related HT.
  • HT is linked to an increased risk of papillary thyroid carcinoma and has an established relationship with thyroid lymphoma.

Conclusions:

  • Hashimoto thyroiditis is a multifaceted autoimmune condition with various presentations and significant associations.
  • Further research is needed to clarify the relationship between HT and Riedel thyroiditis, potentially linking both to Ig4-related sclerosing disease.
  • Understanding these associations is crucial for patient management and risk assessment.