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Ionic Association

Ionic Association

The ionic association is the association of oppositely charged ions in an electrolyte solution to form ion pairs. Bjerrum defined ion pairs as two oppositely charged ions whose electrostatic attraction exceeds the thermal energy of the system, typically expressed as 2kT. Electrostatic attraction depends on ionic charge, separation distance, and the dielectric constant of the medium. Thermal energy, represented by kT, reflects the tendency of ions to move independently due to molecular motion.

Intermolecular Forces

Intermolecular Forces

Atoms and molecules interact through bonds (or forces): intramolecular and intermolecular. The forces are electrostatic as they arise from interactions (attractive or repulsive) between charged species (permanent, partial, or temporary charges) and exist with varying strengths between ions, polar, nonpolar, and neutral molecules. The different types of intermolecular forces are ion–dipole, dipole–dipole, hydrogen bonds, and dispersion; among these, dipole–dipole, hydrogen bonds, and dispersion...

Structural Isomerism

Structural Isomerism

Isomerism in Complexes
Isomers are different chemical species that have the same chemical formula. Structural isomerism of coordination compounds can be divided into two subcategories, the linkage isomers and coordination-sphere isomers.
Linkage isomers occur when the coordination compound contains a ligand that can bind to the transition metal center through two different atoms. For example, the CN− ligand can bind through the carbon atom or through the nitrogen atom. Similarly, SCN− can be...

Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview

Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview

The polymerization process that involves carbanion as an intermediate is called anionic polymerization. It is also a type of addition or chain-growth polymerization. Anionic polymerization gets initiated by a strong nucleophile such as an organolithium or a Grignard reagent. The most commonly used initiator for anionic polymerization is butyl lithium. Monomers involved in anionic polymerization must possess a vinyl group bonded to one or two electron-withdrawing groups. For instance,...

Recrystallization: Solid–Solution Equilibria

Recrystallization: Solid–Solution Equilibria

Recrystallization is a purification technique used to separate impurities from solid compounds. In this technique, no chemical reactions occur. Instead, it exploits physical properties only, specifically, the solubility differences between the desired compound and impurities, either at a single temperature or at different temperatures, and under other selected conditions. The solid-solution equilibrium (solubility equilibrium) of each component in the solution represents a binary phase...

Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism

Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism

The mechanism for anionic chain-growth polymerization involves initiation, propagation, and termination steps. In the initiation step, a nucleophilic anion, such as butyl lithium, initiates the polymerization process by attacking the π bond of the vinylic monomer. As a result, a carbanion, stabilized by the electron‐withdrawing group, is generated. The resulting carbanion acts as a Michael donor in the propagation step and attacks the second vinylic monomer, which acts as a Michael acceptor.

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Related Experiment Video

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Self-assembling Morphologies Obtained from Helical Polycarbodiimide Copolymers and Their Triazole Derivatives

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Isonicotinamide self-association: the link between solvent and polymorph nucleation.

Samir A Kulkarni¹, E S McGarrity, Hugo Meekes

¹Intensified Reaction & Separation Systems, Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands. s.kulkarni@tudelft.nl

Chemical Communications (Cambridge, England)

|April 14, 2012

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Specific solvents control isonicotinamide crystal forms by influencing solution hydrogen bonding during nucleation. This research offers insights into controlling polymorphism and crystal nucleation.

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Area of Science:

Solid-state chemistry
Crystallization science
Physical chemistry

Background:

Polymorphism, the ability of a solid material to exist in multiple crystal forms, is crucial in pharmaceuticals and materials science.
Controlling crystallization processes is essential for obtaining desired solid-state properties.

Purpose of the Study:

To demonstrate that specific solvents can reproducibly yield distinct polymorphic forms of isonicotinamide.
To elucidate the role of solvent-mediated hydrogen bonding in kinetically controlling crystal nucleation and polymorphism.

Main Methods:

Controlled crystallization experiments using various solvents.
Raman spectroscopy to analyze molecular vibrations and hydrogen bonding.
Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy for structural characterization.

Main Results:

Identified a direct correlation between solvent choice and the resulting isonicotinamide polymorphic form.
Spectroscopic data indicated that hydrogen bonding interactions in solution kinetically direct the nucleation pathway.
Achieved reproducible formation of specific crystal forms based on solvent selection.

Conclusions:

Solvent-driven hydrogen bonding in solution is a key factor in controlling the nucleation and polymorphism of isonicotinamide.
This understanding provides a general framework for controlling crystal nucleation and polymorphism in other systems.
Offers a pathway towards predictable and reproducible control over crystal form generation.