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Related Concept Videos

Overview of Protein Sorting and Transport01:45

Overview of Protein Sorting and Transport

Eukaryotic cells have different membrane-bound organelles with distinct protein requirements. The process by which proteins are targeted to a specific organelle is called protein sorting.
Protein sorting can be of two types: signal-based sorting and vesicle-based trafficking. In signal-based sorting, specific amino acid sequences called sorting signals target proteins to the proper location inside the cell either via gated transport or by protein translocation.  In gated transport, folded...
Recycling Endosomes and Transcytosis00:58

Recycling Endosomes and Transcytosis

The recycling endosome, also known as the endosomal recycling compartment (ERC), is a part of the slow-recycling process of the endocytic pathway. Molecules internalized through receptor-mediated endocytosis are either degraded in the lysosomes or are recycled to the plasma membrane through the fast- or slow-recycling route.
The recycling endosome is not a single organelle but an extensively tubulated network of recycling pathways. It functions in storing molecules or transporting them across...
The Early Endosome: Endocytosis of Transferrin01:28

The Early Endosome: Endocytosis of Transferrin

Essential proteins such as insulin or low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and micronutrients such as iron enter a eukaryotic cell through receptor-mediated endocytosis. Subsequently, the early endosomes fuse with the vesicles containing such receptor-ligand complexes and play a vital role in sorting the incoming ligands and receptors. While the ligands are either degraded inside the vesicle or released into the cytosol, their receptors are returned to the plasma membrane for further rounds of...
ER Retrieval Pathway01:45

ER Retrieval Pathway

In the secretory pathway, vesicles transport proteins from one cellular compartment to another in forward transport to deliver the protein to its correct location. Occasionally, misfolded proteins and incorrect proteins escape their original compartments, and a retrieval pathway is used to return the escaped proteins to their original compartment.
The ER uses many checkpoints to prevent the entry of incorrectly folded or a resident protein as cargo onto a transport vesicle. These mechanisms...
Nuclear Protein Sorting01:34

Nuclear Protein Sorting

Nuclear protein sorting is the selective trafficking of histones, polymerases, gene regulatory proteins into the nucleus and exporting RNAs and ribosomes to the cytosol. It is a tightly controlled process that regulates gene expression within a cell.
Proteins targeted to the nucleus carry nuclear localization signals or NLS recognized by import receptors in the cytosol. Similarly, proteins with nuclear export signals are recognized by export receptors. Import and export receptors are...
Mitochondrial Protein Sorting01:39

Mitochondrial Protein Sorting

Mitochondria are double-membrane organelles of the eukaryotes involved in cellular metabolism, signaling, ATP synthesis, and programmed cell death.  Each of these processes requires specific proteins and enzymes that must be correctly sorted to the right mitochondrial subcompartment for the proper functioning of the organelle.
Most of these mitochondrial proteins are encoded by the nucleus and imported to the mitochondria as unfolded or loosely folded precursors. Mitochondrial precursors...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 23, 2026

The Microscopy-Based Assay to Study and Analyze the Recycling Endosomes using SNARE Trafficking
08:51

The Microscopy-Based Assay to Study and Analyze the Recycling Endosomes using SNARE Trafficking

Published on: February 12, 2022

Getting active: protein sorting in endocytic recycling.

Victor W Hsu1, Ming Bai, Jian Li

  • 1Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachsuetts 02115, USA. vhsu@rics.bwh.harvard.edu

Nature Reviews. Molecular Cell Biology
|April 14, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Endocytic recycling returns proteins to the plasma membrane. Recent studies reveal active cargo sorting mechanisms, reconciling previous observations and advancing our understanding of cellular processes.

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Analysis of Endocytic Uptake and Retrograde Transport to the Trans-Golgi Network Using Functionalized Nanobodies in Cultured Cells
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The Cell-based L-Glutathione Protection Assays to Study Endocytosis and Recycling of Plasma Membrane Proteins
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The Cell-based L-Glutathione Protection Assays to Study Endocytosis and Recycling of Plasma Membrane Proteins

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Last Updated: May 23, 2026

The Microscopy-Based Assay to Study and Analyze the Recycling Endosomes using SNARE Trafficking
08:51

The Microscopy-Based Assay to Study and Analyze the Recycling Endosomes using SNARE Trafficking

Published on: February 12, 2022

Analysis of Endocytic Uptake and Retrograde Transport to the Trans-Golgi Network Using Functionalized Nanobodies in Cultured Cells
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The Cell-based L-Glutathione Protection Assays to Study Endocytosis and Recycling of Plasma Membrane Proteins
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The Cell-based L-Glutathione Protection Assays to Study Endocytosis and Recycling of Plasma Membrane Proteins

Published on: December 13, 2013

Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Endocytic recycling is crucial for returning proteins to the plasma membrane.
  • Historically, recycling was viewed as distinct from active intracellular cargo sorting pathways.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To reconcile the apparent disparity between recycling and active cargo sorting.
  • To explain why early studies overlooked active sorting mechanisms in recycling.

Main Methods:

  • Review and synthesis of recent research findings on endocytic recycling.
  • Analysis of historical data and experimental approaches in recycling studies.

Main Results:

  • Recent studies indicate that endocytic recycling involves active cargo sorting, challenging previous assumptions.
  • Explanations are emerging for why active sorting was not detected in earlier investigations.

Conclusions:

  • Endocytic recycling is an active, regulated process with significant implications for cellular function.
  • A deeper understanding of active recycling mechanisms is vital for comprehending numerous physiological and pathological conditions.