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Related Concept Videos

Membrane Domains01:18

Membrane Domains

The membrane domains concentrate specific lipids and proteins at one place within the membrane, which helps in cell signaling, adhesion, and other critical cellular processes. These domains can differ in size, composition, function, and lifespan.
Protein Domains
The membrane comprises a group of distinct proteins responsible for carrying out a cell's specific function. For example, the plasma membrane of the human sperm, or a single germ cell, contains a unique set of proteins in the anterior...
Mechanisms of Membrane Domain Formation00:59

Mechanisms of Membrane Domain Formation

Different physical properties of lipids and proteins allow them to localize and form distinct islands or domains in the membrane. Some membrane domains are formed due to protein-protein interactions, whereas others are formed due to the presence of specific lipids such as sphingolipids and sterols—for example, large proteins, such as bacteriorhodopsin, aggregate and create distinct domains.
Another mechanism for membrane domain formation involves membrane proteins interacting with cytoskeletal...
What are Membranes?01:24

What are Membranes?

A cell's plasma membrane demarcates the cell's borders and determines the nature of its interaction with the environment. Cells exclude certain substances, take in others, and excrete some others in controlled quantities. The plasma membrane must be flexible to allow certain cells, such as red and white blood cells, to change their shape while passing through narrow capillaries. These are the more obvious plasma membrane functions. In addition, the plasma membrane's surface carries markers that...
Surface Membrane Barriers01:18

Surface Membrane Barriers

The skin and mucous membranes serve as the primary line of defense against pathogens by providing both physical and chemical protection. These barriers are essential in preventing the entry and establishment of microbes, thereby maintaining the integrity of the host.
The outer layer of the skin, the epidermis, is a robust barrier comprising layers of closely packed keratinized cells. This dense arrangement prevents microbes from penetrating the body. The periodic shedding of epidermal cells...
Cell-surface Signaling01:21

Cell-surface Signaling

Hormones—or any molecule that binds to a receptor, known as a ligand—that are lipid-insoluble (water-soluble) are not able to diffuse across the cell membrane. In order to be able to affect a cell without entering it, these hormones bind to receptors on the cell membrane. When a first messenger, a hormone, binds to a receptor, a signal cascade is set off, causing second messengers, proteins inside the cell, to become activated, resulting in downstream effects.
Assembly of Signaling Complexes01:30

Assembly of Signaling Complexes

Multiprotein signaling complexes are formed in a dynamic process involving protein-protein interactions at the cytoplasmic domain of transmembrane receptors or enzymatic and non-enzymatic proteins associated with the receptor. These complexes ensure the activation and propagation of intracellular signals that regulate cell functions.
Interaction domains in cell signaling
Interaction domains recognize exposed features of their binding partners containing post-translationally modified sequences,...

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Rapid and Refined CD11b Magnetic Isolation of Primary Microglia with Enhanced Purity and Versatility
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Membrane microdomain may be a platform for immune signaling.

Yiping Qi1, Fumiaki Katagiri

  • 1Department of Plant Biology, Microbial and Plant Genomics Institute, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA.

Plant Signaling & Behavior
|April 14, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Arabidopsis hypersensitive induced reaction (AtHIR) proteins are involved in plant immunity. This study shows AtHIR proteins associate with both R proteins and pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), suggesting they facilitate plant immune signaling.

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Area of Science:

  • Plant immunity
  • Molecular plant-pathogen interactions
  • Cellular signaling

Background:

  • Arabidopsis RPS2 is a nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeats (NB-LRR) type disease resistance protein.
  • Arabidopsis hypersensitive induced reaction (AtHIR) proteins are associated with RPS2 and enriched in membrane microdomains, suggesting a role in immune signaling.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of AtHIR proteins in plant immune signaling.
  • To determine if pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) also associate with AtHIR proteins.

Main Methods:

  • Transient expression in Nicotiana benthamiana
  • Biochemical analyses
  • Genetic analyses

Main Results:

  • AtHIR proteins are physically associated with the pattern recognition receptor (PRR) FLS2.
  • This association occurs in a transient expression system.

Conclusions:

  • Plasma membrane (PM) microdomains may serve as a platform for both R proteins and PRRs.
  • AtHIR proteins might facilitate the activation of both types of immune receptors in plant defense signaling.