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Related Concept Videos

Recrystallization: Solid–Solution Equilibria01:10

Recrystallization: Solid–Solution Equilibria

Recrystallization is a purification technique used to separate impurities from solid compounds. In this technique, no chemical reactions occur. Instead, it exploits physical properties only, specifically, the solubility differences between the desired compound and impurities, either at a single temperature or at different temperatures, and under other selected conditions. The solid-solution equilibrium (solubility equilibrium) of each component in the solution represents a binary phase...
Crystal Growth: Principles of Crystallization01:25

Crystal Growth: Principles of Crystallization

Crystallization is a phase transformation process in which crystals are precipitated from a supersaturated solution or formed from other sources. During crystallization, atoms or molecules arrange themselves into a well-defined, rigid crystal lattice to minimize energy.
Initiating crystallization involves manipulating the concentration of the solute and the temperature of the solution. Since crystal growth occurs when the ratio of concentration and solubility of the solute in the solvent – the...
Precipitation Processes01:12

Precipitation Processes

The experimental conditions in a gravimetric analysis should be optimized to maximize the particle size and purity of the obtained precipitate. Ideally, the concentration of the precipitating reagent should be low with effective stirring to maintain low relative supersaturation for the growth of large crystals. In homogeneous precipitation, the precipitant is slowly generated by a chemical reaction in the solution to avoid local reagent excesses. For example, urea decomposes gradually to...
Washing, Drying, and Ignition of Precipitates00:52

Washing, Drying, and Ignition of Precipitates

After filtration, the precipitate is washed to remove coprecipitated impurities and any remaining mother liquor. Colloidal precipitates, such as silver chloride, are washed with an electrolyte (such as dilute nitric acid) to prevent the peptization of the precipitate. In the case of slightly soluble precipitates, the wash solution contains a common ion to reduce solubility. Lead sulfate, which is slightly soluble in water, is washed with dilute sulfuric acid. Similarly, wash solutions may be...
Precipitate Formation and Particle Size Control01:16

Precipitate Formation and Particle Size Control

In precipitation gravimetry, the precipitating agent should react specifically or selectively with the analyte. While a specific reagent reacts with the analyte alone, a selective reagent can react with a limited number of chemical species.
The obtained precipitate should be either a pure substance of known composition or easily converted to one by a simple process, such as ignition or drying. In addition, the precipitate should be insoluble and easily filterable. In general, filterability...
Colloidal precipitates01:09

Colloidal precipitates

The high insolubility of some precipitates can result in an unfavorable relative supersaturation. This can lead to colloidal particles with a large surface-to-mass ratio, where adsorption is promoted. For instance, in the precipitation of silver chloride, silver ions are adsorbed on the surface of the colloidal particles, forming a primary layer. This layer attracts ions of opposite charge (such as nitrate ions), forming a diffuse secondary layer of adsorbed ions. This electric double layer...

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Updated: May 23, 2026

Induction of Microstreaming by Nonspherical Bubble Oscillations in an Acoustic Levitation System
08:19

Induction of Microstreaming by Nonspherical Bubble Oscillations in an Acoustic Levitation System

Published on: May 9, 2021

Rapid crystallization from acoustically levitated droplets.

Hui-Ling Cao1, Da-Chuan Yin, Yun-Zhu Guo

  • 1Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience & Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 127 Youyixi Road, Xi'an 710072, People's Republic of China.

The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America
|April 17, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Ultrasonic levitation enables containerless crystallization, yielding superior inorganic salt and protein crystals. This advanced technique offers improved crystal quality and serves as a microgravity simulation for space research.

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Formulation and Acoustic Modulation of Optically Vaporized Perfluorocarbon Nanodroplets
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Formulation and Acoustic Modulation of Optically Vaporized Perfluorocarbon Nanodroplets

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Crystallography
  • Biophysics

Background:

  • Traditional crystallization methods often face limitations due to vessel interactions, affecting crystal quality and growth.
  • Containerless processing offers a unique environment to overcome these limitations and study intrinsic crystallization phenomena.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and evaluate an ultrasonic levitation system for containerless crystallization.
  • To investigate the impact of containerless ultrasonic levitation on crystal growth and quality for various samples.
  • To explore the potential of this system as a ground-based microgravity simulation platform.

Main Methods:

  • Development of a stable ultrasonic levitation system capable of handling liquid droplets.
  • Crystallization experiments conducted on levitated droplets of sodium chloride (NaCl), ammonium chloride (NH4Cl), lysozyme, and proteinase K.
  • Comparative analysis of crystals grown via ultrasonic levitation versus conventional methods (control).

Main Results:

  • Successful stable levitation and rapid crystallization from droplets were achieved.
  • Crystals grown via ultrasonic levitation exhibited enhanced growth rates, larger sizes, better shapes, and fewer defects (twins, shards) compared to controls.
  • Significant improvements in crystal quality were observed for both inorganic salts and proteins.

Conclusions:

  • Containerless ultrasonic levitation is a highly effective method for improving crystal growth and quality.
  • The system serves as a valuable ground-based microgravity simulation tool for space crystallization research and condition screening.
  • This technique has broad applicability in materials science, biophysics, and analytical chemistry.