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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 23, 2026

How to Create and Use Binocular Rivalry

How to Create and Use Binocular Rivalry

Published on: November 10, 2010

An initial search for visual overshadowing.

Kevin R Harris¹, Stephen T Paul, Carolyn E Adams-Price

¹Department of Psychology, Austin Peay State University, Clarksville, TN 37044-4594, USA. harrisk@apsu.edu

Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology (2006)

|April 17, 2012

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Visualizing abstract sentences impaired recognition, similar to verbalizing difficult stimuli. Both visualization and verbalization of abstract sentences negatively impacted memory recall.

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Area of Science:

Cognitive Psychology
Memory Research

Background:

Verbalizing difficult stimuli can impair recognition.
The current study investigates the reverse phenomenon: visual interference with verbal recognition.

Purpose of the Study:

To explore 'visual overshadowing,' where visualization interferes with verbal recognition.
To examine how stimulus abstractness (ease of visualization) affects this phenomenon.

Main Methods:

180 participants were randomly assigned to concrete or abstract sentence conditions.
Participants then verbalized, visualized, or completed a filler task.
Recognition accuracy was measured for the presented sentences.

Main Results:

Visualizing abstract sentences significantly reduced recognition accuracy.
Unexpectedly, verbalizing abstract sentences also led to lower recognition.
Concrete sentences did not show the same level of interference.

Conclusions:

Visualization can interfere with verbal recognition, particularly for abstract stimuli.
Verbalization of abstract stimuli also impairs recognition, suggesting shared cognitive load.
Findings align with fuzzy-trace theory's principles of dual-process memory.