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Related Concept Videos

Major Hormones and Their Functions01:27

Major Hormones and Their Functions

Hormones, the biochemical messengers produced by endocrine glands, are pivotal in regulating bodily functions and maintaining homeostasis. Each hormone's balance is crucial; imbalances can lead to significant physiological disruptions. Major hormones include oxytocin, cortisol, epinephrine, estrogen, testosterone, thyroxine, growth hormone, insulin, and glucagon.
Oxytocin, produced in the hypothalamus and released by the pituitary gland, plays a role in social bonding, childbirth, and lactation.
Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:23

Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hypothyroidism is a disorder characterized by insufficient production of thyroid hormones, which regulate metabolism, energy balance, and multiple organ systems.TypesHypothyroidism is classified based on the level of dysfunction. Primary hypothyroidism results from intrinsic thyroid gland dysfunction, causing reduced hormone production despite normal or increased stimulation. Secondary hypothyroidism arises from inadequate thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) secretion by the pituitary. Tertiary...
Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology01:24

Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology

Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disorder characterized by the production of thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSI) that activate TSH receptors, leading to excessive synthesis and release of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) and resulting in hyperthyroidism.Among all causes of hyperthyroidism, Graves’ disease is the most common and can happen at any age, though it is more frequent in women. It produces a hypermetabolic state with features such as weight loss, tachycardia, tremor, and heat...
Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:27

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH receptors...
Cushing Syndrome II: Pathophysiology01:19

Cushing Syndrome II: Pathophysiology

Cortisol production is normally governed by the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, which maintains hormonal balance through tightly regulated feedback mechanisms. Disruption of this regulatory system is central to the development of Cushing syndrome, whether the excess cortisol originates from external medications or internal pathology. Persistent cortisol elevation alters metabolism, immune function, and endocrine signaling, producing the characteristic clinical features of the...
The Pituitary Gland01:17

The Pituitary Gland

The pituitary is a small endocrine organ in the sphenoid bone under the hypothalamus. Primarily, the pituitary in adults has two distinct anatomical and functional regions— the anterior and posterior lobes. During human fetal development, a third pituitary gland region called the pars intermedia atrophies and disappears. However, some of its cells migrate and exist adjacent to the anterior pituitary in adults.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 23, 2026

Development of Organoids from Mouse Pituitary as In Vitro Model to Explore Pituitary Stem Cell Biology
09:48

Development of Organoids from Mouse Pituitary as In Vitro Model to Explore Pituitary Stem Cell Biology

Published on: February 25, 2022

Mortality and pituitary disease.

Paul M Stewart1, Mark Sherlock

  • 1Department of Endocrinology, The Medical School, College of Medical and Dental Sciences Edgbaston, University of Birmingham, United Kingdom. p.m.stewart@bham.ac.uk

Annales D'Endocrinologie
|April 17, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Patients with pituitary tumors face higher mortality, mainly from vascular issues. Controlling hormone excess, like cortisol or growth hormone (GH), and managing cardiovascular risks can normalize mortality, but some risk may remain post-treatment.

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Oncology
  • Cardiovascular Medicine

Background:

  • Pituitary tumors are associated with increased mortality.
  • Vascular disease is a primary cause of death in these patients.
  • Hormonal imbalances from pituitary tumors significantly impact patient outcomes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze mortality data in patients with pituitary tumors.
  • To identify key factors influencing mortality rates.
  • To assess the impact of hormonal control and risk factor management on patient survival.

Main Methods:

  • Review of outcome data from large patient series.
  • Analysis of mortality causes, focusing on vascular disease.
  • Evaluation of the effects of managing cortisol and growth hormone (GH) hypersecretion.

Main Results:

  • Confirmed increased mortality in pituitary tumor patients.
  • Identified vascular disease as the predominant cause of death.
  • Demonstrated that controlling cortisol and GH hypersecretion, alongside cardiovascular risk reduction, normalizes mortality rates.
  • Observed persistent excess mortality even in successfully treated patients.

Conclusions:

  • Effective management of hormonal hypersecretion and cardiovascular risk factors is crucial for improving survival in Cushing's disease and acromegaly.
  • While treatment can normalize mortality, a residual risk of excess mortality may persist.
  • Further research may be needed to address the long-term residual risks in "cured" patients.