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Related Concept Videos

siRNA - Small Interfering RNAs02:30

siRNA - Small Interfering RNAs

Small interfering RNAs, or siRNAs, are short regulatory RNA molecules that can silence genes post-transcriptionally, as well as the transcriptional level in some cases. siRNAs are important for protecting cells against viral infections and silencing transposable genetic elements.
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The gene expression in cells is regulated at different stages: (i) transcription, (ii) RNA processing, (iii) RNA localization, and (iv) translation. Transcriptional regulation is mediated by regulatory proteins such as transcription factors, activators, or repressors—these control gene expression by initiating or inhibiting the transcription of genes. Once a precursor or pre-mRNA is produced, it undergoes post-transcriptional modification, including 5' capping, splicing, and the addition of a...
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Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps

Gene expression can be regulated at almost every step from gene to protein. Transcription is the step that is most commonly regulated. This involves the binding of proteins to short regulatory sequences on the DNA. This association can either promote or inhibit the transcription of a gene associated with the respective sequence.
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Master Transcription Regulators

Master transcription regulators are regulatory proteins that are predominantly responsible for regulating the expression of multiple genes. Often these genes work in concert to drive a  complex process. Activation of a master transcription regulator can lead to a cascade of transcriptional activation necessary for that outcome. These regulators can directly bind to the regulatory sequences of the various genes involved, or they can indirectly regulate transcription by binding to regulatory...
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Updated: May 23, 2026

Saccharomyces cerevisiae Metabolic Labeling with 4-thiouracil and the Quantification of Newly Synthesized mRNA As a Proxy for RNA Polymerase II Activity
09:21

Saccharomyces cerevisiae Metabolic Labeling with 4-thiouracil and the Quantification of Newly Synthesized mRNA As a Proxy for RNA Polymerase II Activity

Published on: October 22, 2018

S-II mediated gene regulation.

K Tano1, M Nagata, N Akimitsu

  • 1Radioisotope Center, the University of Tokyo, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan.

Drug Discoveries & Therapeutics
|April 17, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Transcription elongation factor S-II (TFIIS) facilitates RNA polymerase II (RNAPII) to overcome blocks in vitro. Recent studies reveal S-II

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Last Updated: May 23, 2026

Saccharomyces cerevisiae Metabolic Labeling with 4-thiouracil and the Quantification of Newly Synthesized mRNA As a Proxy for RNA Polymerase II Activity
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Cell Based Assays of SINEUP Non-coding RNAs That Can Specifically Enhance mRNA Translation

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Gene Regulation
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • S-II (TFIIS) is the first identified transcription elongation factor in eukaryotes.
  • It possesses unique in vitro activity enabling RNA polymerase II (RNAPII) to read through transcriptional blocks.
  • The in vivo function of S-II remained largely unknown despite detailed in vitro studies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent findings on S-II's role in gene expression regulation.
  • To discuss the biological functions of S-II in vivo.
  • To elucidate the in vivo mechanisms of S-II in gene activation.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of recent studies on S-II.
  • Analysis of biochemical and molecular data on S-II function.
  • Integration of in vitro and in vivo experimental evidence.

Main Results:

  • S-II plays a critical role in activating the expression of specific genes in vivo.
  • Recent research clarifies the in vivo functions of S-II beyond its in vitro activity.
  • S-II is essential for overcoming specific transcriptional roadblocks in a cellular context.

Conclusions:

  • S-II is a key regulator of gene expression in vivo.
  • Understanding S-II's biological functions is crucial for comprehending gene regulation.
  • Further research into S-II mechanisms will illuminate fundamental biological processes.