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Related Concept Videos

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Epidural Anesthesia01:29

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Epidural Anesthesia

Epidural anesthetics are administered in the fat-filled epidural space, the outermost part of the spinal canal. This technique is commonly employed for pain management and anesthesia during lower abdomen and pelvis surgeries or labor and delivery.
Since epidural anesthetics can be infused through an epidural catheter, all types of drugs, including short-acting ones, can be administered. Chloroprocaine and lidocaine are examples of short and long-duration anesthetics, respectively. Bupivacaine...
Drug Toxicity: Risk factors01:24

Drug Toxicity: Risk factors

Adverse Drug Reactions (ADRs) are potential complications that arise during pharmacotherapy, influenced by multiple risk factors. Age plays a significant role; both neonates and the elderly are at heightened risk due to their respective immature and diminished metabolic and elimination processes. Gender also impacts ADRs, with females experiencing a 1.5 to 1.7-fold greater risk than males, which may be linked to pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic, and hormonal differences. Notably, neonates, the...
Herniated Intervertebral Disc l: Introduction01:29

Herniated Intervertebral Disc l: Introduction

Intervertebral disc herniation refers to the displacement of the nucleus pulposus (the gel-like inner core of the disc) through a tear or weakened area in the annulus fibrosus (the outer fibrous ring). The displaced disc material extends beyond the normal boundaries of the disc space and may compress or irritate nearby spinal nerve roots or, less commonly, the spinal cord.Etiology and Risk FactorsHerniation commonly results from degeneration, in which aging reduces disc hydration and...
Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Spinal Anesthesia01:11

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Spinal Anesthesia

Spinal anesthetics are given during lower abdomen and limb surgeries to block sensory and motor neurons. They are administered in the mid to low lumbar regions, primarily acting on the cauda equina's nerve roots. The blockade level depends on the local anesthetic (LA) concentration. Usually, low LA concentrations are sufficient to block sensory fibers, while only high LA concentrations block motor fibers. Other factors like injection volume and speed, the patient's posture, and the drug...
Parenteral Anesthetics: Overview01:24

Parenteral Anesthetics: Overview

Intravenous anesthetics are drugs administered parenterally to induce anesthesia or sedation. Propofol is a widely used agent formulated as a 1% emulsion in soybean oil, glycerol, and egg phosphatide. It induces rapid anesthesia primarily due to its rapid distribution from the bloodstream to target tissues and is metabolized in the liver. However, it can cause significant pain on injection and hypertriglyceridemia. Fospropofol, a water-based prodrug of propofol, lacks these adverse effects.
Degenerative Disc Disease ll: Pathophysiology01:23

Degenerative Disc Disease ll: Pathophysiology

The symptoms of degenerative disc disease arise from a combination of mechanical compression, vascular compromise, and biochemical inflammation, which together disrupt nerve function and produce pain.Mechanical CompressionDisc degeneration reduces height and elasticity, predisposing to herniation of the nucleus pulposus, a major cause of radicular pain. Herniations may be protrusion (bulging with intact annulus), extrusion (nucleus extends beyond disc but remains connected), or sequestration...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 23, 2026

Spinal Sonography for Ultrasound-Guided Lumbar Neuraxial Anesthesia
03:14

Spinal Sonography for Ultrasound-Guided Lumbar Neuraxial Anesthesia

Published on: January 31, 2025

Risk factors associated with epidural use.

Samuel M Lancaster1, Ursula M Schick, Morwan M Osman

  • 1Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.

Journal of Clinical Medicine Research
|April 17, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Racial disparities and foreign birth were associated with lower epidural use during labor. Smoking and induced labor increased epidural use, highlighting disparities in care.

Area of Science:

  • Obstetrics and Gynecology
  • Public Health
  • Health Services Research

Background:

  • Intrapartum epidural analgesia is a common intervention during labor.
  • Understanding factors influencing epidural use is crucial for equitable care.
  • Previous research has identified some demographic and clinical predictors of epidural use.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify individual and health service-related variables associated with intrapartum epidural use.
  • To investigate potential racial and socioeconomic disparities in epidural utilization.
  • To examine the impact of foreign birth and hospital characteristics on epidural analgesia.

Main Methods:

  • Population-based case-control study utilizing Washington State birth certificate data from 2009.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 23, 2026

Spinal Sonography for Ultrasound-Guided Lumbar Neuraxial Anesthesia
03:14

Spinal Sonography for Ultrasound-Guided Lumbar Neuraxial Anesthesia

Published on: January 31, 2025

  • Calculation of odds ratios to quantify associations between selected variables and epidural use.
  • Analysis included demographic factors, maternal behaviors, labor characteristics, and healthcare facility types.

    • Main Results:

    • Non-White individuals had significantly lower odds of epidural use compared to White individuals.
    • Foreign-born women, excluding Asians, showed reduced odds of epidural use compared to US-born counterparts.
    • Smoking, induced labor, and higher educational attainment were associated with increased epidural use.
    • Delivery in rural, non-profit, or perinatal units was linked to lower odds of epidural use.

    Conclusions:

    • Significant individual and health service-related variables influence intrapartum epidural use.
    • Findings reveal disparities in epidural utilization, particularly related to race, foreign birth, and socioeconomic status.
    • These disparities underscore the need for equitable access to pain management and quality of care during childbirth.