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Related Concept Videos

Replication in Eukaryotes01:29

Replication in Eukaryotes

In eukaryotic cells, DNA replication is highly conserved and tightly regulated. Multiple linear chromosomes must be duplicated with high fidelity before cell division, so there are many proteins that fulfill specialized roles in the replication process. Replication occurs in three phases: initiation, elongation, and termination, and ends with two complete sets of chromosomes in the nucleus.
Many Proteins Orchestrate Replication at the Origin
Eukaryotic replication follows many of the same...
Replication in Eukaryotes02:31

Replication in Eukaryotes

Overview
Replication in Eukaryotes02:31

Replication in Eukaryotes

Overview
Replication in Eukaryotes01:29

Replication in Eukaryotes

In eukaryotic cells, DNA replication is highly conserved and tightly regulated. Multiple linear chromosomes must be duplicated with high fidelity before cell division, so there are many proteins that fulfill specialized roles in the replication process. Replication occurs in three phases: initiation, elongation, and termination, and ends with two complete sets of chromosomes in the nucleus.
Many Proteins Orchestrate Replication at the Origin
Eukaryotic replication follows many of the same...
Telomeres and Telomerase02:41

Telomeres and Telomerase

In eukaryotic DNA replication, a single-stranded DNA fragment remains at the end of a chromosome after the removal of the final primer. This section of DNA cannot be replicated in the same manner as the rest of the strand because there is no 3’ end to which the newly synthesized DNA can attach. This non-replicated fragment results in gradual loss of the chromosomal DNA during each cell duplication. Additionally, it can induce a DNA damage response by enzymes that recognize single-stranded DNA.
Telomeres and Telomerase02:41

Telomeres and Telomerase

In eukaryotic DNA replication, a single-stranded DNA fragment remains at the end of a chromosome after the removal of the final primer. This section of DNA cannot be replicated in the same manner as the rest of the strand because there is no 3’ end to which the newly synthesized DNA can attach. This non-replicated fragment results in gradual loss of the chromosomal DNA during each cell duplication. Additionally, it can induce a DNA damage response by enzymes that recognize single-stranded DNA.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 23, 2026

Chromosome Replicating Timing Combined with Fluorescent In situ Hybridization
17:14

Chromosome Replicating Timing Combined with Fluorescent In situ Hybridization

Published on: December 10, 2012

Human telomeres replicate using chromosome-specific, rather than universal, replication programs.

William C Drosopoulos1, Settapong T Kosiyatrakul, Zi Yan

  • 1Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA.

The Journal of Cell Biology
|April 18, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Replication of human telomeres and subtelomeres is complex but generally proceeds without major delays. DNA replication programs are chromosome-specific yet conserved across different human cell types.

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Last Updated: May 23, 2026

Chromosome Replicating Timing Combined with Fluorescent In situ Hybridization
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Published on: December 10, 2012

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Published on: October 27, 2011

Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Telomeric and subtelomeric heterochromatin present challenges to DNA replication machinery.
  • Understanding replication through these human genomic regions is limited.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To delineate replication programs, including origin distribution, termination sites, and fork dynamics, at human telomeres and subtelomeres.
  • To compare these programs across different human cell types and chromosome ends.

Main Methods:

  • Employed single molecule analysis of replicated DNA (SMARD) to study replication in embryonic stem cells and primary somatic cells.
  • Analyzed specific telomeres/subtelomeres of individual human chromosomes.

Main Results:

  • Replication initiation occurred within telomere repeats but predominantly originated in subtelomeres.
  • No significant replication fork delays or pausing were observed, suggesting these regions are not inherently fragile.
  • Replication programs were chromosome-specific within a cell type, not universal.
  • Replication programs showed conservation across different cell types, with some cell-specific variations.

Conclusions:

  • Human telomeres and subtelomeres are replicated efficiently without major fork progression issues.
  • Replication programs are largely conserved for specific chromosome ends across cell types but exhibit chromosome-specific characteristics.