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Related Concept Videos

X-ray Diffraction of Biological Samples01:10

X-ray Diffraction of Biological Samples

X-ray diffraction or XRD is an analytical tool that utilizes X-rays to study ordered structures such as crystalline organic and inorganic samples, polycrystalline materials, proteins, carbohydrates, and drugs.
According to Bragg's law, when X-rays strike the sample positioned on a stage, the rays are  scattered by the electron clouds around the sample atoms. The  X-ray diffraction or scattering is caused by constructive interference of the X-ray waves that reflect off the internal crystal...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 23, 2026

Fully Autonomous Characterization and Data Collection from Crystals of Biological Macromolecules
07:11

Fully Autonomous Characterization and Data Collection from Crystals of Biological Macromolecules

Published on: March 22, 2019

High-throughput biological small-angle X-ray scattering with a robotically loaded capillary cell.

S S Nielsen, M Møller, R E Gillilan

    Journal of Applied Crystallography
    |April 18, 2012
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    An automated system for biological small-angle X-ray scattering (BioSAXS) uses disposable tips and a flow cell for efficient sample loading. This innovation improves data quality and throughput at synchrotron beamlines.

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    Online Size-exclusion and Ion-exchange Chromatography on a SAXS Beamline
    11:09

    Online Size-exclusion and Ion-exchange Chromatography on a SAXS Beamline

    Published on: January 5, 2017

    Area of Science:

    • Biophysics
    • Structural Biology
    • Synchrotron Radiation

    Background:

    • Biological small-angle X-ray scattering (BioSAXS) demand is increasing at synchrotron facilities.
    • Automated liquid-handling systems are crucial for managing high sample volumes and diverse solution conditions.
    • Existing systems require optimization for efficiency, contamination reduction, and user-friendliness.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To develop and present an automated sample-loading system for BioSAXS beamlines.
    • To enhance data processing pipelines for BioSAXS experiments.
    • To analyze fluid dynamics and radiation damage within the sample delivery system.

    Main Methods:

    • A system combining single-channel disposable-tip pipetting with a vacuum-enclosed, temperature-controlled capillary flow cell was designed.
    • Python was used for robot control and data processing (RAW pipeline enhancement).
    • Fluid dynamics and radiation damage patterns were analyzed under various flow conditions.

    Main Results:

    • The system features an easily changeable capillary to minimize fouling and cross-contamination.
    • An effective rinse protocol was developed and validated.
    • Fluid dynamics revealed vortex ring circulation, with radiation damage concentrated at the capillary boundary layer.

    Conclusions:

    • The automated BioSAXS sample-loading system enhances efficiency and reduces contamination at synchrotron beamlines.
    • The system is user-friendly, supports manual operation, and has been successfully implemented in published studies.
    • Understanding fluid dynamics is key to managing radiation damage in capillary flow cells for BioSAXS.