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All radioactive nuclides emit high-energy particles or electromagnetic waves. When this radiation encounters living cells, it can cause heating, break chemical bonds, or ionize molecules. The most serious biological damage results when these radioactive emissions fragment or ionize molecules. For example, α and β particles emitted from nuclear decay reactions possess much higher energies than ordinary chemical bond energies. When these particles strike and penetrate matter, they...
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Several factors can increase the risk of cancer in an individual. About 50% of cancer cases can be prevented by adopting a healthy lifestyle, regular exercise, eating healthy, and following a modest cancer prevention diet. Epidemiological studies have consistently shown that populations with vegetable and fruit-rich diets have reduced the incidence of cancer. On the other hand, populations who have a diet rich in animal fat, red meat, junk food, or high calories are predisposed to cancer.
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Mutations are changes in the sequence of DNA. These changes can occur spontaneously or they can be induced by exposure to environmental factors. Mutations can be characterized in a number of different ways: whether and how they alter the amino acid sequence of the protein, whether they occur over a small or large area of DNA, and whether they occur in somatic cells or germline cells.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 27, 2026

Chemical-Induced Skin Carcinogenesis Model Using Dimethylbenz[a]Anthracene and 12-O-Tetradecanoyl Phorbol-13-Acetate DMBA-TPA
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[Radiation induced carcinogenesis].

Toshiya Inaba1

  • 1Department of Molecular Oncology & Leukemia Program Project, Research Institute for Radiation Biology & Medicine, Hiroshima University.

Nihon Rinsho. Japanese Journal of Clinical Medicine
|April 21, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Ionizing radiation over 100 mSv causes cancers, but low doses are controversial. Radiation-induced cancers like leukemia and thyroid cancer involve fusion oncogenes, while others require long latency and genetic changes.

Area of Science:

  • Radiation oncology
  • Cancer research
  • Molecular biology

Context:

  • Atomic bomb survivors and Chernobyl victims provide insights into ionizing radiation (IR) effects.
  • High-dose IR (>100 mSv) is known to induce cancers indistinguishable from spontaneous tumors.
  • The oncogenic potential of low-dose IR (<100 mSv) remains a subject of scientific debate.

Purpose:

  • To review the current understanding of ionizing radiation's role in carcinogenesis.
  • To differentiate mechanisms and latency periods for various IR-induced malignancies.
  • To highlight the role of genetic and epigenetic alterations in radiation-induced cancer development.

Summary:

  • High-dose ionizing radiation (>100 mSv) induces cancers similar to sporadic tumors.

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  • Leukemia and thyroid cancers, linked to chimeric oncogenes from translocations, show shorter latency after IR exposure.
  • Longer-latency cancers likely result from age-related epigenetic changes and additional genetic alterations.

    • Impact:

    • Clarifies the dose-dependent effects of ionizing radiation on cancer induction.
    • Identifies key molecular mechanisms (fusion oncogenes) in specific radiation-induced cancers.
    • Provides a framework for understanding the complex interplay of genetic and epigenetic factors in radiation carcinogenesis.