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Related Concept Videos

The Thyroid Gland01:23

The Thyroid Gland

The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
The follicles have a central cavity lined by simple cuboidal to squamous epithelial cells called follicular cells. These cells produce the glycoprotein...
Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:27

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH receptors...
Goiter01:27

Goiter

Goiter refers to an abnormal enlargement of the thyroid gland that may appear as a diffuse goiter (uniform enlargement) or nodular (single or multiple nodules). Functionally, it is classified as nontoxic (normal/low hormone levels) or toxic (excess hormone production).PathophysiologyDiffuse thyroid enlargement typically results from prolonged stimulation by thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) or TSH-like agents, commonly seen in hypothyroidism or iodine deficiency. In contrast, in hyperthyroid...
Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction01:25

Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction

Hyperthyroidism is a type of thyrotoxicosis characterized by the thyroid gland's overproduction of the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). This hormone excess increases the basal metabolic rate and enhances sensitivity to catecholamines.DiagnosisDiagnosis is based on clinical features and biochemical testing. It typically shows suppressed thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels below 0.4 mIU/L, with elevated free T3 and/or T4. Additional tests, including thyroid...
Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology01:24

Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology

Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disorder characterized by the production of thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSI) that activate TSH receptors, leading to excessive synthesis and release of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) and resulting in hyperthyroidism.Among all causes of hyperthyroidism, Graves’ disease is the most common and can happen at any age, though it is more frequent in women. It produces a hypermetabolic state with features such as weight loss, tachycardia, tremor, and heat...
Graves' Disease I: Introduction01:28

Graves' Disease I: Introduction

Graves' disease is an autoimmune disorder that causes hyperthyroidism, or overactivity of the thyroid gland. It results from autoantibodies called thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSIs), which bind to thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) receptors, leading to overstimulation of hormone production and a hypermetabolic state.EtiologyAlthough considered idiopathic, Graves’ disease has well-established contributing factors. There is a strong genetic component, with increased prevalence in...

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Early predictors of 6-month thyroid-stimulating antibody levels after radioactive iodine therapy for Graves' disease: implications for pregnancy planning.

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Atypical Subacute Thyroiditis without Thyroid Dysfunction: A Report of Two Cases.

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Addressing the Impact on the Patient's Quality of Life Following Treatment for Hyperthyroidism and Subsequent Weight Gain.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 23, 2026

Computer-Aided Three-Dimensional Visualization in the Treatment of Locally Advanced Thyroid Cancer
03:55

Computer-Aided Three-Dimensional Visualization in the Treatment of Locally Advanced Thyroid Cancer

Published on: June 9, 2023

[Thyroid cancer].

Yuji Nagayama1

  • 1Department of Molecular Medicine, Radiation Life Science Unit, Atomic Bomb Disease Institute, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences.

Nihon Rinsho. Japanese Journal of Clinical Medicine
|April 21, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Ionizing radiation increases thyroid cancer risk, especially in younger individuals. Research explores radiation-induced thyroid carcinogenesis from epidemiology to molecular mechanisms.

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Spontaneous Murine Model of Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer
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Computer-Aided Three-Dimensional Visualization in the Treatment of Locally Advanced Thyroid Cancer
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Computer-Aided Three-Dimensional Visualization in the Treatment of Locally Advanced Thyroid Cancer

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Spontaneous Murine Model of Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer
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Spontaneous Murine Model of Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer

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An Orthotopic Mouse Model of Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma
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An Orthotopic Mouse Model of Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma

Published on: April 17, 2013

Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Radiation Oncology
  • Molecular Biology

Context:

  • Thyroid glands are highly susceptible to ionizing radiation.
  • Epidemiological studies show increased thyroid cancer incidence post-radiation exposure (e.g., atomic bomb survivors, Chernobyl).
  • Carcinogenic risk is dose-dependent and elevated in younger populations.

Purpose:

  • To review radiation-induced thyroid carcinogenesis.
  • To integrate epidemiological findings with basic research on molecular mechanisms.

Summary:

  • Ionizing radiation is a significant risk factor for thyroid cancer.
  • Thyroid cancer risk is influenced by radiation dose and patient age.
  • Advances in molecular biology are elucidating the genetic and molecular pathways of radiation-induced thyroid tumors.

Impact:

  • Informs public health strategies for radiation protection.
  • Highlights the need for continued research into thyroid cancer prevention and treatment.
  • Provides a comprehensive overview for researchers and clinicians in the field.