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Related Concept Videos

Layers of the Epidermis01:21

Layers of the Epidermis

The epidermis, the outermost layer of the skin, is composed of several distinct layers. From deep to superficial, the layers of the epidermis are as follows:
Stratum Basale
Stratum basale, also known as the stratum germinativum, is the deepest layer of the epidermis. It is composed of a single layer of actively dividing cells called basal cells or basal keratinocytes. These cells constantly undergo cell division to replenish the upper layers of the epidermis. Additionally, melanocytes, which...
Cells of the Epidermis01:24

Cells of the Epidermis

The epidermis is made of four or five layers of epithelial cells, depending on its location in the body. From deep to superficial, these layers are the stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, and stratum corneum.
The cells in all these layers except the stratum basale are called keratinocytes, a type of cell that manufactures and stores the protein keratin. The keratinocytes in the stratum corneum are dead and regularly slough away, being replaced by cells from...
Skin Diseases and Disorders01:23

Skin Diseases and Disorders

Skin is the first line of defense and encounters a variety of microbes. Some pathogenic strains are often the cause of a broad range of infections of the skin and other body systems. These conditions can affect people of all ages and may have different causes, including genetic factors, infections, autoimmune reactions, environmental factors, and lifestyle choices.
Gram-positive Staphylococcus spp. and Streptococcus spp. are responsible for many of the most common skin infections. However, many...
Accessory Structures of the Skin: Sebaceous Glands01:21

Accessory Structures of the Skin: Sebaceous Glands

A sebaceous gland is a type of oil gland found almost all over the skin ( except palms and soles) and helps lubricate and waterproof the skin and hair. Most sebaceous glands are associated with hair follicles. They generate and excrete sebum, a mixture of lipids, onto the skin surface, thereby naturally lubricating the dry and dead layer of keratinized cells of the stratum corneum, keeping it pliable.
These glands that produce the oils on the skin and hair are holocrine glands. The mature...
Papillary Dermis01:11

Papillary Dermis

Dermis
The dermis might be considered the "core" of the integumentary system, as distinct from the epidermis and hypodermis. It contains blood and lymph vessels, nerves, and other structures, such as hair follicles and sweat glands. The dermis is made of two layers of connective tissue that comprise an interconnected mesh of elastin and collagenous fibers, produced by fibroblasts.
Papillary Layer
The papillary layer is made of loose, areolar connective tissue, which means the collagen and...
The Skin Microbiota01:27

The Skin Microbiota

The human skin serves as a complex ecosystem inhabited by a diverse community of microorganisms, including bacteria, fungi, and viruses. This microbiome plays a critical role in maintaining skin health and defending against pathogenic invaders. The composition of microbial communities varies significantly across different regions of the body, influenced primarily by the local levels of moisture and sebum.Regional Variation in Skin MicrobiotaCutibacterium acnes predominantly colonizes sebaceous...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 23, 2026

Measuring and Modeling Contractile Drying in Human Stratum Corneum
08:00

Measuring and Modeling Contractile Drying in Human Stratum Corneum

Published on: March 1, 2017

Stratum corneum dysfunction in dandruff.

G A Turner1, M Hoptroff, C R Harding

  • 1Unilever Research & Development Port Sunlight, Bebington, Merseyside, UK. graham.turner@unilever.com

International Journal of Cosmetic Science
|April 21, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Dandruff involves a flaky scalp, influenced by Malassezia yeast and impaired skin barrier function. Improving scalp stratum corneum integrity alongside antifungal action may effectively treat dandruff.

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Area of Science:

  • Dermatology
  • Microbiology
  • Cosmetic Science

Background:

  • Dandruff affects up to 50% of the population, characterized by scalp flaking and itching.
  • Its multifactorial causes include Malassezia yeast, sebum, and individual susceptibility.
  • A healthy stratum corneum (SC) is crucial for scalp barrier function and protection.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the role of stratum corneum integrity in dandruff development.
  • To investigate the relationship between Malassezia and SC barrier disruption.
  • To propose therapeutic strategies targeting SC integrity and Malassezia.

Main Methods:

  • Review of scientific literature on dandruff etiology and scalp barrier function.
  • Analysis of the structural and functional characteristics of the stratum corneum in dandruff.
  • Correlation of Malassezia presence with SC barrier defects and clinical symptoms.

Main Results:

  • Dandruff scalps exhibit depleted and disorganized structural lipids, indicating a weakened barrier.
  • Elevated transepidermal water loss and increased susceptibility to irritants are observed in dandruff.
  • Malassezia alone is not sufficient; SC disruption may enhance susceptibility to its metabolites.

Conclusions:

  • Disruption of the scalp's stratum corneum may contribute to dandruff generation.
  • Therapeutic approaches should focus on improving SC integrity and providing antifungal activity.
  • Cosmetic products enhancing SC integrity could offer beneficial dandruff treatment.