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Related Concept Videos

Fusion of Secretory Vesicles with the Plasma Membrane01:26

Fusion of Secretory Vesicles with the Plasma Membrane

Proteins and neurotransmitters in secretory vesicles can be released from a cell upon vesicle docking, priming, and fusion with the plasma membrane. Vesicles are docked and primed in preparation for the quick exocytosis of their contents in response to a stimulus. The fusion process is mainly carried out by a SNAP Receptor or SNARE complex, consisting of synaptobrevin, syntaxin-1, and SNAP-25.
In 1993, Jim Rothman proposed that the antiparallel pairing of vesicular and transmembrane SNAREs, or...
SNAREs and Membrane Fusion01:43

SNAREs and Membrane Fusion

Once a transport vesicle has recognized its target organelle, the vesicular membrane needs to fuse with the target membrane to unload the cargo. Transmembrane proteins called SNAREs present on organelle membranes and their vesicles, mediate vesicle fusion.
SNAREs exist in pairs that symmetrically interact and catalyze the fusion of the lipid bilayers in vesicle and target organelle. v-SNARE in the vesicle membrane are single polypeptide chains that bind to a complementary t-SNARE, composed of 2...
Calmodulin-dependent Signaling01:16

Calmodulin-dependent Signaling

Calmodulin (CaM) is a calcium-binding protein in eukaryotes that controls various calcium-regulated cellular processes. It has four calcium-binding sites that bind calcium to form the calcium-calmodulin ( Ca2+-CaM) complex. GPCR stimulation increases the calcium levels in the cells that bind to CaM and induces a conformational change.
The Ca2+-CaM complex does not have enzymatic activity by itself. Instead, the complex binds downstream target proteins, including membrane proteins or enzymes,...
Lipids as Anchors01:32

Lipids as Anchors

In the plasma membrane, the lipids forming the bilayer can also act as an anchor to tether proteins to the membrane. The three main types of lipid anchors found in eukaryotes are – prenyl groups, fatty acyl groups, and glycosylphosphatidylinositol or GPI groups. Prenyl and fatty acyl groups act as anchors on the cytosolic surface of the membrane, whereas GPI anchors proteins on the extracellular side.
The carboxy-terminal of most of the prenylated proteins, such as Ras proteins, contains the...
Mechanisms of Membrane Domain Formation00:59

Mechanisms of Membrane Domain Formation

Different physical properties of lipids and proteins allow them to localize and form distinct islands or domains in the membrane. Some membrane domains are formed due to protein-protein interactions, whereas others are formed due to the presence of specific lipids such as sphingolipids and sterols—for example, large proteins, such as bacteriorhodopsin, aggregate and create distinct domains.
Another mechanism for membrane domain formation involves membrane proteins interacting with cytoskeletal...
IP3/DAG Signaling Pathway01:11

IP3/DAG Signaling Pathway

Membrane lipids such as phosphatidylinositol (PI) are precursors for several membrane-bound and soluble second messengers. Specific kinases phosphorylate PI and produce phosphorylated inositol phospholipids. One such inositol phospholipids are the  phosphatidylinositol-4,5 bisphosphate [PI(4,5)P2], present in the inner half of the lipid bilayer. Upon ligand binding, GPCR stimulates Gq proteins to turn on phospholipase Cꞵ. Activated phospholipase Cꞵ cleaves PI(4,5)P2 and produces two-second...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 23, 2026

Detergent-free Ultrafast Reconstitution of Membrane Proteins into Lipid Bilayers Using Fusogenic Complementary-charged Proteoliposomes.
11:10

Detergent-free Ultrafast Reconstitution of Membrane Proteins into Lipid Bilayers Using Fusogenic Complementary-charged Proteoliposomes.

Published on: April 5, 2018

Anionic lipids in Ca(2+)-triggered fusion.

Tatiana P Rogasevskaia1, Matthew A Churchward, Jens R Coorssen

  • 1Department of Chemical & Biological Sciences, Mount Royal University, 4825 Mount Royal Gate SW, Calgary, AB, T3E 6K6 Canada.

Cell Calcium
|April 21, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Anionic lipids like phosphatidylserine are crucial for calcium sensing in regulated exocytosis. Phosphatidylinositol, however, modulates this process by aiding in membrane priming for fusion.

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SNARE-mediated Fusion of Single Proteoliposomes with Tethered Supported Bilayers in a Microfluidic Flow Cell Monitored by Polarized TIRF Microscopy
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SNARE-mediated Fusion of Single Proteoliposomes with Tethered Supported Bilayers in a Microfluidic Flow Cell Monitored by Polarized TIRF Microscopy

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A Model Membrane Platform for Reconstituting Mitochondrial Membrane Dynamics
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A Model Membrane Platform for Reconstituting Mitochondrial Membrane Dynamics

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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 23, 2026

Detergent-free Ultrafast Reconstitution of Membrane Proteins into Lipid Bilayers Using Fusogenic Complementary-charged Proteoliposomes.
11:10

Detergent-free Ultrafast Reconstitution of Membrane Proteins into Lipid Bilayers Using Fusogenic Complementary-charged Proteoliposomes.

Published on: April 5, 2018

SNARE-mediated Fusion of Single Proteoliposomes with Tethered Supported Bilayers in a Microfluidic Flow Cell Monitored by Polarized TIRF Microscopy
10:58

SNARE-mediated Fusion of Single Proteoliposomes with Tethered Supported Bilayers in a Microfluidic Flow Cell Monitored by Polarized TIRF Microscopy

Published on: August 24, 2016

A Model Membrane Platform for Reconstituting Mitochondrial Membrane Dynamics
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Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Biochemistry
  • Membrane Dynamics

Background:

  • Anionic lipids are integral to cellular membranes and influence key processes like regulated exocytosis.
  • The precise roles of specific anionic lipids in the rapid, calcium-triggered fusion pathway are not fully understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the functions of distinct anionic lipids in the docking, priming, and fusion stages of regulated exocytosis.
  • To investigate the contribution of anionic lipids to calcium sensing and membrane rearrangements during fusion.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a cortical vesicle model system for quantitative molecular and functional analyses.
  • Examined the roles of cholesterol sulfate, phosphatidylserine, and phosphatidylinositol in the fusion machinery.

Main Results:

  • Cholesterol sulfate demonstrated that localized anionic lipids can directly bind calcium and mediate membrane rearrangements.
  • Phosphatidylserine appears to play a role in calcium sensing.
  • Phosphatidylinositol functions in priming, modulating the fusion process.

Conclusions:

  • Specific anionic lipids have distinct roles in regulated exocytosis, with phosphatidylserine involved in calcium sensing and phosphatidylinositol in priming.
  • Further research is needed to fully define the localization and interactions of anionic lipids within the native fusion mechanism.