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Related Concept Videos

Encephalitis l: Introduction01:19

Encephalitis l: Introduction

Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma, most often due to infections or autoimmune processes. It presents with neuropsychiatric features such as fever, altered mental status, behavioral changes, cognitive dysfunction, seizures, focal deficits, and sometimes autonomic instability. In some cases, the meninges are also involved, resulting in meningoencephalitis.Infectious CausesInfectious encephalitis is most commonly viral but can also result from bacterial, fungal, or parasitic...
Encephalitis ll: Pathophysiology01:26

Encephalitis ll: Pathophysiology

Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma caused by direct viral invasion or immune-mediated mechanisms triggered by infections or tumors. Both processes lead to neuronal injury, disrupted neurotransmission, and diverse neurological symptoms, often with overlapping clinical and pathological features.Autoimmune EncephalitisIn autoimmune encephalitis, antibodies target neuronal antigens on cell surfaces, synapses, or within neurons. A key example is anti-NMDAR encephalitis, which can...
Hepatic Encephalopathy01:29

Hepatic Encephalopathy

DefinitionHepatic encephalopathy is a reversible neurologic syndrome that results from advanced liver dysfunction or portosystemic shunting. It leads to disturbances in cognition, behavior, and motor function due to the brain’s exposure to gut-derived toxins that the liver fails to detoxify.EtiologyThis condition develops either in the setting of acute fulminant hepatitis or progressively during chronic liver disease, such as cirrhosis and portal hypertension. Portosystemic shunting—including...
Cerebral Edema ll: Pathophysiology01:22

Cerebral Edema ll: Pathophysiology

Vasogenic edema is a major form of cerebral edema characterized by abnormal accumulation of fluid in the brain’s extracellular space due to disruption of the blood–brain barrier (BBB). The BBB is a specialized structure composed of endothelial cells connected by tight junctions, supported by astrocytic endfeet and a basement membrane. Under normal conditions, it tightly regulates the movement of ions, proteins, and solutes between the bloodstream and brain parenchyma. When this barrier loses...
Brain Abscess l: Introduction01:26

Brain Abscess l: Introduction

A brain abscess is a focal, intracerebral infection characterized by a localized collection of pus within the brain parenchyma, resulting from microbial invasion and the body’s inflammatory response. It progresses through stages: early and late cerebritis, followed by early and late capsule formation, reflecting tissue destruction, immune response, and eventual encapsulation.Etiology and PathogenesisCausative organisms vary with source and host factors, often involving polymicrobial infections,...
Epilepsy and Seizures: Overview01:24

Epilepsy and Seizures: Overview

Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disease marked by recurrent, unpredictable seizures. These seizures are caused by abnormal electrical discharges in the brain, leading to behavior, sensation, or consciousness alterations. They can also cause transient impairment of awareness, interfering with daily activities.
Various factors can trigger epilepsy, including genetic factors, brain damage, metabolic causes, and unknown etiology. Diagnosis of epilepsy involves electroencephalography (EEG), which...

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Lipidomics and Transcriptomics in Neurological Diseases
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Clinical approach to leukoencephalopathies.

Deborah L Renaud1

  • 1Division of Child and Adolescent Neurology, Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St. SW, Rochester, MN 55901, USA. renaud.deborah@mayo.edu

Seminars in Neurology
|April 24, 2012
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Summary

New genetic discoveries aid leukoencephalopathy diagnosis, yet many patients remain undiagnosed. This article outlines a systematic clinical and MRI-based approach to guide testing strategies for better patient evaluation.

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Molecular Genetics
  • Neurology

Background:

  • Recent advances in biochemical and molecular genetics have identified novel leukoencephalopathies.
  • A significant number of patients with leukoencephalopathy continue to be diagnosed despite these advancements.
  • There is a need for a structured methodology to investigate these patients effectively.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To present a systematic approach for evaluating patients with leukoencephalopathy.
  • To guide the selection of appropriate diagnostic testing strategies.
  • To integrate clinical and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings for comprehensive assessment.

Main Methods:

  • A clinical evaluation framework for leukoencephalopathy patients.
  • Utilization of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings in diagnosis.
  • A systematic approach to patient investigation and testing selection.

Main Results:

  • The proposed approach facilitates a structured investigation of leukoencephalopathy.
  • It aids in identifying the most suitable diagnostic tests for individual patients.
  • Integration of clinical and MRI data enhances diagnostic accuracy.

Conclusions:

  • A systematic, MRI-based clinical approach is crucial for diagnosing leukoencephalopathy.
  • This strategy helps in managing undiagnosed cases effectively.
  • Optimized testing strategies improve patient outcomes in leukoencephalopathy.